15/04/2025
A tonic-clonic seizure (formerly known as a grand mal seizure) is a type of generalized seizure that affects the entire brain and body. It usually has two phases:
1. Tonic phase:
Muscles stiffen suddenly.
The person may cry out, lose consciousness, and fall.
The back arches, arms and legs extend, and breathing may be impaired.
2. Clonic phase:
Rhythmic jerking movements of the arms, legs, and sometimes face.
The jerking gradually slows down and then stops.
Other key points:
Duration: Usually 1 to 3 minutes.
After the seizure: The person may be confused, tired, have a headache, or even fall asleep (called the postictal phase).
Possible loss of bladder or bowel control during the seizure.
Causes may include:
Epilepsy
High fever (especially in children)
Brain injury or tumor
Electrolyte imbalance
Drug or alcohol withdrawal
Here’s what to do if someone is having a tonic-clonic seizure:
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First Aid for Tonic-Clonic Seizure
DO:
1. Stay calm and stay with the person.
2. Time the seizure – if it lasts more than 5 minutes, call emergency services.
3. Protect them from injury:
Gently guide them to the ground if they are standing.
Clear the area of sharp or hard objects.
4. Place something soft under their head – like a folded jacket.
5. Turn them onto their side (if possible) – to help keep the airway clear.
6. Loosen tight clothing around the neck.
7. Stay with them until they are fully awake and alert.
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DO NOT:
Do not restrain their movements.
Do not put anything in their mouth (they can’t swallow their tongue).
Do not give food, drink, or medicine until they are fully alert.
Do not leave them alone.
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After the seizure (Postictal phase):
They may be confused, sleepy, or even emotional.
Offer reassurance and let them rest.
If they’re injured, help them get medical care.
Let them know what happened if they don’t remember.
This video is part of Epilepsy Action’s Employer toolkit.Find out more how to support employees with epilepsy at work https://employers.epilepsy.org.uk/To sp...