English Language Acquisition

25/06/2023

HOW TO PRONOUNCE THE /ʃ/ SOUND
(The ‘Voiceless Palato-alveolar
Sibilant’/ Fricative )

The following are words with the /ʆ/ sound:

she /ʆiː/
should /ʆəd/
short /ʆəʊ/
Show /ʆəʊ/
push /pʊʆ/
national /ˈnæʆənəl/
official /əˈfɪʆəl/
sure /ʆɔː/
shoulder /ˈʆəʊldə/
shot /ʆɒt/
shake /ʆeɪk/
information /ɪnfəˈmeɪʆən/
social /ˈsəʊʆəl/
education /edjʊˈkeɪʆən/
nation /ˈneɪʆən/
finish /ˈfɪnɪʆ/
wish /wɪʆ/
push /pʊʆ/

DESCRIPTION
The /ʆ/ sound is from the ‘Consonants Pairs’ Group and it is called the ‘Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant’. This means that you create friction through clenched teeth by directing air flow through a narrow channel formed along the middle of the tongue.

HOW TO PRONOUNCE THE /ʆ/ sound
The sound is made through the mouth and it is voiceless which means that you don’t use your vocal cords to make the sound.
It is defined by shape of your tongue and the position of your teeth and it is a sibilant, which is a sound made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the sharp edge of the teeth, In this case .
To produce the sound clench your teeth together lightly and pull your tongue away from them. Then push air though them.

HOW THE /ʆ/ SOUND IS SPELT

1. -sh- pattern words in the beginning, middle and ending:
Examples:
she /ʆiː/
should /ʆəd/
short /ʆəʊ/
show /ʆəʊ/
push /pʊʆ/
shoulder /ˈʆəʊldə/
shot /ʆɒt/
shake /ʆeɪk/
finish /ˈfɪnɪʆ/
wish /wɪʆ/
push /pʊʆ/
shadow /ˈʃæˌdoʊ/
sheets /ʃits/
shining /ˈʃaɪnɪŋ/
shrewd /ʃrud/
shudder/ˈʃʌdər/
shaft /ʃɑːft/
shaw /ʃɔː/
scholarship /ˈskɒləʃɪp/
workshop /ˈwɜːk.ʃɒp/
s**t /ʃɪt/
shepherd /ˈʃep.əd/
foolish /ˈfuː.lɪʃ/

2 Words Ending in . -ssion
Examples:
mission /mɪ‌ʃən./
submission /səbˈmɪʃən/
succession /səkˈsɛʃ.ən/
admission /ædˈmɪʃ.ən/
depression /dɪˈpɹɛʃən/
permission /pɚˈmɪʃən/
impression /ɪmˈpɹɛʃən/
session /ˈsɛʃən/
possession /pəˈzɛʃən/
profession /pɹəˈfɛʃən/
commission /kəˈmɪʃən/
discussion /dɪsˈkʌʃən/
expression /ɪkˈspɹɛʃ.ən/
compassion /kəmˈpæʃən/
transmission /trænzˈmɪʃən/
passionate /ˈpæʃənɪt/,/ˈpæʃənət/

3. Consonant before -sion . When a consonant comes before words ending in -sion , the 's' is pronounced as /ʆ/

Examples
pension /ˈpenʃ(ə)n/
mansion/ˈmænʃ(ə)n/
tension/tenʃən/
conversion /kənˈvɜːʃ(ə)n/
dimension /daɪˈmɛnʃən/
suspension /səˈspenʃən/
extension /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/

4. -tion words
Examples:
decoration /ˌdɛkəˈɹeɪʃən/
limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/
revelation /ɹɛvəˈleɪʃən/
recreation /ɹɛkɹiˈeɪʃən/
domination /ˌdɒməˈneɪʃən/
accumulation /ə.ˌkjum.jəˈle.ʃən/
repetition /ɹɛpəˈtɪʃən/
detection /dəˈtɛkʃən/
disruption /dɪsˈɹʌpʃən/
detention /dɪˈtɛnʃən//
manipulation /ˈmən.ɪˌjʊu.leɪ.ʃʌn/
assertion /əˈsɜːʃən/
deprivation /dɛp.ɹɪ.veɪʃən/
justification /ˌdʒʌstɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/
exceptional /ɪkˈsɛpʃənəl/
transformatiionˌ/tɹæns.fɔɹmeɪ.ʃən/
radiation /ˌɹeɪ.di.ˈeɪ.ʃən/
innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/
classification /ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/
prevention /pɹɪˈvɛnʃən/
exploration /ˌɛkspləˈreɪʃən/
mention /ˈmɛnʃən/
junction /ˈdʒʌŋkʃən/
delegation /dɛlɪˈɡeɪʃən/
configuration /kǝnfigǝ'reiʃn/
invention /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/
vegetation /ˌvɛd‌ʒəˈteɪʃən/
expedition /ɛkspəˈdɪʃən/
injection /ɪn.ˈdʒɛk.ʃən

5. -cial words
Examples:
special /ˈspɛ.ʃəl/
official /əˈfɪʃəl/
financial /faɪˈnænʃəl/
/fɪˈnænʃəl/
provincial /pɹɒvinʃəl‌/
controversial /kɒn.tɹə.ˈvɜː.ʃəl/
racial /ˈreɪʃəl/
crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/
judicial /dʒuˈdɪʃəl/
artificial /ɑː(ɹ)təˈfɪʃəl/
specially /ˈspɛʃəli/
especially /ɪˈspɛʃ(ə)li/
socialist /ˈsəʊʃəlɪst/
socialism /ˈsoʊʃəlɪzəm/

6. -ient / -cient, -tient , -cien
Examples:
patient /ˈpeɪʃənt/
efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/
ancient /ˈeɪn.(t)ʃənt/
sufficient /səˈfɪʃənt
patience /ˈpeɪʃəns/
sufficiently /səˈfɪʃəntli/
efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃn‌si/
conscience /kɒnʃəns/

7.. -tial words
Examples:
partial /ˈpɑɹʃəl/
spatial /ˈspeɪʃəl/
confidential /ˌkɑːnfɪˈdenʃl/
essential /ɪˈsɛn.ʃəl/
presidential /pɹɛzɪˈdɛnʃ(ə)l/
initial /ɪˈnɪʃəl/
substantial /səbˈstænʃəl/
potential /pəˈtɛnʃəl/
potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/

8. -sue
Examples:
tissue /ˈtɪʃu/

9. -sure, -ssure, surə)e,
Examples:
assure /əˈʃʊə/,/əˈʃɔː/
pressure /ˈpɹɛʃə(ɹ)/
ensure /ɪnˈʃʊə/,/ɪnˈʃɔː/
assurance /əˈʃʊɹəns/
insurance /ɨn.ˈʃər.ɨns/

10. -sia / -sian words:
Examples:
Asia, /ˈeɪ.ʃə/ ·
Asian /ˈeɪ.ʃən/ ·
Russia /ˈrʌʃə/
Russian/ˈrʌʃn/

11. -cious or -tious words:
Examples:
vicious /ˈvɪʃəs/
ambitious /æmˈbɪʃ.əs/
precious /ˈpɹɛʃəs/
suspicious /səˈspɪ.ʃəs/
unconscious /ˌʌnˈkɒnʃəs/
delicious /dɪˈlɪʃəs/
cautious /ˈkɔːʃəs/
conscious /ˈkɑn.ʃəs/
consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/

12. Some words having 'su- '
Examples:
sugar /ˈʃʊɡə(ɹ)/
sure /ʃɔː/ , /ʃʊə/
surely /ˈʃʊ(ə)ɹli/, /ˈʃɔɹli/

13. Words with French origin having 'ch' are pronounced as
/ʃ/

Examples:
accouchement /a.kuʃ.ˈmɑœn/
avalanche /ˈævəlɑːnʃ/, /ˈævəlæntʃ/
babiche /bəˈbiːʃ/, /bæˈbiːʃ/
brioche /bɹoʊˈʃʊɚ/, /bɹoʊˈʃɝ/
caché /kæʃ/, /kæɪʃ/
cachet /kæˈʃeɪ/, /ˈkæʃ.eɪ/
cartouche /kɑɹˈtuʃ/, /kɑːˈtuːʃ/
chagrin /ʃəˈɡɹɪn/, /ˈʃæɡ.ɹɪn/
chaise ./ʃeɪz/
chalet
châlet /ʃæleɪ/
challis /ˈʃæ.li/
chamade /ʃəˈmɑːd/
chambray /ˈʃæmbɹeɪ/
chamois /ˈʃæmwɑː/, /ˈʃæmi/
champagne /ʃæmˈpeɪn/
chandelier /ʃændəˈlɪə(ɹ)/
chanty /ˈʃæntɪ/
chaparral /ˌʃæpəˈɹæl/, /ˌtʃæpəˈɹæl/
chapeau /ʃæˈpoʊ/
chaperone /ˈʃæ.pəˌɹoʊn/
charade /ʃəˈɹɑːd/, /ʃəˈɹeɪd/, /ʃɚˈɹeɪd/
chardonnay /ˌʃɑː(ɹ)dəˈneɪ/
chargé d'affaires /ʃɑrˈʒeɪ dəˈfɛɹ/
charlatan . /ˈʃɑɹlətən/
Charlene /ʃɑɹˈlin/
Charlotte
charlotte
/ˈʃɑrlət/, /ˈʃɑːlət/, /ˈʃaːlət/, /ˈʃarlət/
chasseur /ʃaˈsəː/
chateau
château /ˈʃæːtɔ/, /ʃæːˈtɔ/, /ʃæːˈto/
chauffeur /ʃɒˈfɜː/, /ˈʃəʊfə/, /ʃoʊˈfɜ˞/, /ˈʃoʊfə˞/
chauvinism /ˈʃəʊ.vɪ.nɪ.zəm/, /ˈʃəʊ.və.nɪ.zəm/, /ˈʃoʊ.vɪˌnɪzm‌/
chef /ʃɛf/
chemise /ʃəˈmiːz/
chenille /ʃəˈniːl/
Cheri /ʃəˈɹiː/
cheroot /ʃɛˈɹuːt/
chevalier /ˌʃɛvəˈlɪɹ/
cheviot /ˈʃɛviət/, /ˈt‌ʃɛviət/
Chevrolet /ˌʃɛvɹəˈleɪ/
chevron /ˈʃɛvɹən/
chevronel /ˌʃɛvɹəˈnɛl/
chic /ʃiːk/
Chicago /ʃəˈkɔːɡoʊ/
chicane /ʃɪˈkeɪn/, /t‌ʃɪˈkeɪn/
chicanery /ʃɪˈkeɪ.nɹ.i/, /ʃɪˈkeɪ.nə.ɹi/
chiffon /ʃɪˈfɑn/, /ˈʃɪfɑn/
chivalry /ˈʃɪvəlri/
chute A framework, trough, or tube, upon or through which objects are made to slide downwards. /ʃuːt/
cliché
cliche /ˈkliːʃeɪ/, /kliːˈʃeɪ/
crèche /kɹɛʃ/
crème fraîche /ˌkɹɛm ˈfɹɛʃ/
crochet /kɹoʊˈʃeɪ/
do**he /duːʃ/
fiche /fiːʃ/
flèche /flɛʃ/, /fleɪʃ/
fuchsia /fjuːʃə/
galoche /ɡəˈlɒʃ/
gauche /ɡəʊʃ/
gouache /ɡwɑʃ/
guiche /ɡiːʃ/
guilloche /ɡɪˈlɒʃ/
louche /luːʃ/
machete /məˈʃɛ.ti/
machine /məˈʃiːn/
machinery /mə.ˈʃi.nə.ɹi/
marchioness /ˈmɑɹʃənis/, /mɑɹʃəˈnɛs/
Michelin /ˈmɪʃəlɪn/
Michelle /mɪˈʃɛl/
Michigan /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/
moustache
mustache /ˈmʌstæʃ/, /ˈmʊstɑːʃ/
niche /niːʃ/, /niʃ/, /nɪʃ/
nonchalance /ˈnɒnʃələns/, /ˌnɑːnʃəˈlɑːns/
nonchalant /ˌnɑn.ʃəˈlɑnt/
nouveau riche /ˌnuː.vəʊ ˈɹiːʃ/
panache /pəˈnæʃ/, /pəˈnɑːʃ/
parachute /ˈpærəʃuːt/
parachutist /pærəˈʃuːtɪst/
parfleche /pɑɹˈflɛʃ/
pastiche /pæsˈtiːʃ/
pistachio /pɪsˈtæʃioʊ/
quiche /kiːʃ/
Richelle /ɹoʊˈʃɛl/
ricochet /ˈɹɪkəʃeɪ/
ruche /ˈɹuːʃ/
sachet /ˈsæʃeɪ/
seiche /seɪʃ/
stanchion /ˈstænʃən/, /ˈstɑːnʃən/
troche /tɹoʊʃ/
trebuchet /ˈtɹɛbəʃɛt/, /ˈtɹɛb.jə.ʃeɪ/, /ˈtɹɛb.ju.ʃeɪ/, /ˈtɹɛb.juˌʃɛt/, /ˈtɹɛb.jəˌʃeɪ/

14. -iate
negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/
appreciate /əˈpriː.ʃi.eɪt/

15. The letter 'C' in some words:
suspicion /sə.ˈspɪ.ʃən/
ocean /ˈəʊ.ʃən/
species /ˈspiːʃiːz/

16. The letter 'T' in some words:
consortium /kənˈsɔː(ɹ).ʃəm/
ratio /ˈreɪʃ(i)əʊ/

17. The Letter 'X" in some words
sexuality /sekʃuˈælɪti/
luxury /ˈlʌk.ʃə.ɹi
sexual /ˈsɛkʃuəl/
anxious /ˈaŋ(k)ʃəs/

18. -cian
politician /ˈpɒl.ɪ.tɪʃ.ən/

Other in this category are
logician, magician,
mortician, musician, optician,
patrician, physician,
tactician, technician, diagnostician, electrician, geriatrician,mathematician,
statistician, theoretician

19. Others:
schedule /ˈʃɛd.juːl/

30/03/2023

Errors versus mistakes These two terms had been used interchangeably before Corder (1974) pointed out that it was important to distinguish between ‘errors’ and ‘mistakes’. 12.4.1. Mistakes Mistakes are inaccuracies in linguistic production either in our native language (L1) or in the foreign language (L2) that are caused by memory lapses, physical states and conditions such as fatigue, inattention, or strong emotion. Mistakes are mainly slips of the tongue or lapses, even native people make mistakes in speech and writing. Mistakes are not systematic, they occur accidentally, the learner is immediately aware of them and can correct them. 12.4.2. Slips and attempts Edge (1989) distinguishes between slips and attempts from the point of view of learners and teachers, defining slips as mistakes that the teacher thinks the student could self-correct. When the students want to express their meaning but they make a mistake because they have not yet learned the necessary language structure, their mistakes can be called attempts. 12.4.3. Performance versus competence Mistakes are miscues in performance. The term ‘performance’ was introduced by Chomsky (1965) and he meant the overt production of language as either speech or writing. He contrasted it with ‘competence’, the native speaker’s perfect knowledge. Competence is the knowledge of what is grammatically correct; performance is what occurs in practice. Chomsky regarded performance as the faulty representation of competence caused by psychological restrictions. Mistakes reveal nothing about the underlying competence. 12.4.4. Errors Errors are systematic and may give valuable insight into language acquisition because they are goofs in the learner’s underlying competence. (Scovel 2001) When native speakers make mistakes, they can identify and correct them immediately because they have almost full knowledge of the linguistic structure of their mother tongue. Non-native speakers, L2 learners not only make mistakes, they also commit errors and as they have only an incomplete knowledge of the target language, they are not always able to correct the errors that they make. Thus the learners’ errors reflect a lack of underlying competence in the language that they are learning. After discussing the basic differences between mistakes and errors we have to deal with the issue of why learners make errors and why they find it so difficult to correct their errors. Researchers dealing with second language acquisition (Corder, 1974, Odlin,1989, Scovel, 2001) agree that one of the major causes of errors is language transfer.

We created the group in order to help the non-natives speakers of English to acquire English languag

30/03/2023

Knowledge is a real power.
I will sharing some useful tips next week.

We created the group in order to help the non-natives speakers of English to acquire English languag

26/04/2022

Hello dears followers of

28/03/2022

How much do you love

Send a message to learn more

05/04/2021

# AND #
To or For ? Some verbs go with to and some with for. He handed the receipt to the customer.
Tom got drinks for everyone.
With to: award, bring, feed, give, grant, hand, leave (in a will), lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, post, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write.
With for: bring, buy, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, leave, make, order, pick, reserve, save, spare.
NOTE:
a : Bring goes with either to or for.
b : For meaning 'to help someone' can go with very many verbs.
I'm writing a letter for my sister. (She can't write.)

05/04/2021

# order
Word order is very important in English. As nouns do not have endings for subject or object, it is the word order that shows which is which.

Subject Verb Object
The woman loved the man.
The man loved the woman.

The subject-verb order is fixed, and we can change it only if there is a special reason.

05/04/2021

#
There are five kinds of phrase.
1 Verb phrase: come, had thought, was left, will be climbing A verb phrase has an ordinary verb (come, thought, left, climbing) and may also have an auxiliary (had, was, will).
2 Noun phrase: a good flight, his crew, we A noun phrase has a noun (flight), which usually has a determiner (a) and/or adjective (good) in front of it. A noun phrase can also be a pronoun (we).
3 Adjective phrase: pleasant, very late An adjective phrase has an adjective, sometimes with an adverb of degree (very).
4 Adverb phrase: quickly, almost certainly An adverb phrase has an adverb, sometimes with an adverb of degree (almost).
5 Prepositional phrase: after lunch, on the aircraft A prepositional phrase is a preposition + noun phrase.

02/02/2021

The parts of speech are the categories to which different words are assigned, based on their meaning, structure, and function in a sentence.
We’ll look in great detail at the seven main parts of speech—nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions—as well as other categories of words that don’t easily fit in with the rest, such as particles, determiners, and gerunds.
By understanding the parts of speech, we can better understand how (and why) we structure words together to form sentences.Parts of Speech
Definition
The parts of speech are the primary categories of words according to their function in a sentence.
English has seven main parts of speech. We’ll look at a brief overview of each below; continue on to their individual chapters to learn more about them.
1-Nouns
Nouns are words that identify or name people, places, or things. Nouns can function as the subject of a clause or sentence, an object of a verb, or an object of a preposition. Words like cat, book, table, girl, and plane are all nouns.
2-Pronouns
Pronouns are words that represent nouns (people, places, or things). Grammatically, pronouns are used in the same ways as nouns; they can function as subjects or objects. Common pronouns include I, you, she, him, it, everyone, and somebody.
3-Verbs
Verbs are words that describe the actions—or states of being—of people, animals, places, or things. Verbs function as the root of what’s called the predicate, which is required (along with a subject) to form a complete sentence; therefore, every sentence must include at least one verb.
Verbs include action words like run, walk, write, or sing, as well as words describing states of being, such as be, seem, feel, or sound.
4-Adjectives
Adjectives are words that modify (add description to) nouns and (occasionally) pronouns. They can be a part of either the subject or the predicate. Common adjectives are red, blue, fast, slow, big, tall, and wide.
5-Adverbs
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or even entire clauses. Depending on what they modify (and how), adverbs can appear anywhere in the sentence. Adverbs are commonly formed from adjectives by adding “-ly” to the end, as in slowly, quickly, widely, beautifully, or commonly.
6-Prepositions
Prepositions are words that express a relationship between a noun or pronoun (known as theobject of the preposition) and another part of the sentence. Together, these form prepositional phrases, which can function as adjectives or as adverbs in a sentence. Some examples of prepositional phrases are: on the table, in the shed, and across the field. (The prepositions are in bold.)
7-Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words that connect other words, phrases, or clauses, expressing a specific kind of relationship between the two (or more) elements. The most common conjunctions are the coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, nor, for, so, and yet.
Other Parts of Speech
In addition to the seven parts of speech above, there are several other groupings of words that do not neatly fit into any one specific category—particles, articles, determiners, gerunds, and interjections.
Many of these share characteristics with one or more of the seven primary categories. For example, determiners are similar in many ways to adjectives, but they are not completely the same, and most particles are identical in appearance to prepositions but have different grammatical functions.
Because they are harder to classify in comparison to the seven primary categories above.

02/02/2021

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22/01/2021