07/07/2025
Lymphedema is a condition where lymph fluid accumulates in local tissues, leading to swelling. It is usually caused by a blockage in the flow of lymph. Lymphedema can affect any part of the body, but it most commonly occurs in the arms, legs, or face. The causes of lymphedema are generally classified into primary and secondary types.
Primary Lymphedema
Primary lymphedema is typically caused by abnormal development of the lymphatic system, often due to genetic factors. Possible causes include:
Genetic Defects: Some individuals are born with underdeveloped lymphatic vessels, which leads to impaired lymph drainage. This type of lymphedema may manifest at birth or during childhood.
Lymphedema with Distichiasis: This is a rare genetic condition characterized by lymphedema accompanied by abnormal eyelashes.
Secondary Lymphedema (Acquired)
Secondary lymphedema occurs when external factors block the flow of lymph. Common causes include:
Surgical Treatments: In cancer treatment, it may be necessary to remove some lymph nodes or lymphatic vessels, which can obstruct lymphatic drainage and cause swelling. For example, treatments for breast cancer, prostate cancer, or uterine cancer often involve lymph node removal, which increases the risk of lymphedema.
Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy can damage or cause scarring of the lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes, disrupting lymphatic flow and leading to swelling.
Infections: Severe bacterial infections (such as schistosomiasis or filariasis) can cause inflammation or damage to the lymph nodes, thereby affecting lymphatic system function and leading to fluid buildup.
Trauma or Surgical Complications: Injuries like burns or surgical incisions can damage lymphatic vessels and cause swelling.
Chronic Diseases: Certain chronic conditions, such as heart failure, cirrhosis, or kidney disease, may lead to generalized fluid retention, which can trigger lymphedema.
Obesity: Severe obesity increases the risk of lymphedema because excess fat tissue may compress lymphatic vessels, impeding lymphatic flow.
Inflammatory Diseases: Chronic inflammatory diseases or immune system disorders (such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus) may also interfere with lymphatic flow, increasing the risk of edema.
