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27/11/2025

An Irish Guards machine-gun team in 1914. Not a single one of these men pictured here survived the war...

23rd August 1914, The Irish Guards gained their first Battle Honour; taking part heroically in the Retreat from Mons. As part of the 4th Guards Brigade, the Irish Guards fought valiantly as part of the rearguard action to slow the German advance as the British Expeditionary Force withdrew. This saw soldiers fighting an ongoing action for many days with little sleep, food or transport.

Rudyard Kipling gives a fantastic account of the action carried out by the 'Micks' and can be read here: 1914 - Mons To La Bassee - The Irish Guards in the Great War - Rudyard Kipling, Book, etext https://ecs.page.link/3ASWJ

#1914

27/11/2025

27/11/2025

Before he went into the ministry, Martin had a slot on Hearts & Minds, a show covering Northern Ireland politics. We extend our condolences to his family at this sad time.

It is with great sadness that we learned of the passing of Rev. Martin McNeely.

Although I never had the opportunity to meet Martin personally, I am deeply aware of the profound and positive impact he had. On behalf of the North Antrim Ulster Unionist Party, I extend our deepest sympathies and prayers to his wife, children, and all who feel his loss at this sad time.

Very few, perhaps no one - made an impact on the Ballykeel community quite like Martin did. He was respected, but more importantly, he was loved. During his time as minister, his congregation was Ballykeel, not only those within the walls of the church, but those outside them. None were treated differently; Martin was there for all.

Our thoughts and prayers are with Julie, Joshua and Martha 🙏

27/11/2025

📖✝ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐨𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐥 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐖𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧 𝐂𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐡 ⛪❌

The church tried to keep people in line through a theological ideology that depicted a wrathful God who had to be appeased by a rigorous penance manifested in obedience to the church, the mediator of salvation. Church members were encouraged to do good works to merit divine mercy and sacramental grace from cradle to grave (through the seven sacraments of baptism, eucharist, confirmation, marriage, confession, final unction, and, above all, ordination).

Formal church teaching on salvation through the merits of Christ alone was watered down in practice to a pastoral climate of suspicion demanding a never-ending chain of penitential acts. Fear of punishment in hell or purgatory dominated and drove the faithful to enumerate their sins before the priest in private confessions.' People heard again and again the message that Christ's atonement for human sin became the treasure of the church to be brought forward, as it were, from the deposit Christ made at Golgotha to sinners by the priest who heard their individual confessions. But even priests had become the victims of spiritual transgression by lack of spiritual formation, indeed, malformation through the sins of the flesh, ranging from drunkenness to living with concubines.

Eric W. Gritsch, A History of Lutheranism (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, EPUB edn, 2002), 1.173.

26/11/2025

🇬🇧🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝘄 𝗼𝗳 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗲𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗜𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱'𝘀 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻 (𝗦𝗶𝗿 𝗘𝗱𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝘀𝗼𝗻) ❌☘👑

We who are Unionists believe first and foremost that the Act of Union is required—in the words made familiar to us by the Book of Common Prayer—"for the safety, honour and welfare, of our Sovereign and his dominions." We are not concerned with the supposed taint which marred the passing of that Act; we are unmoved by the fact that its terms have undergone considerable modification. We do not believe in the plenary inspiration of any Act of Parliament. It is not possible for the living needs of two prosperous countries to be bound indefinitely by the "dead hand" of an ancient statute, but we maintain that geographical and economic reasons make a legislative Union between Great Britain and Ireland necessary for the interests of both.

We see, as Irish Ministers saw in 1800, that there can be no permanent resting place between complete Union and total separation. We know that Irish Nationalists have not only proclaimed separatist principles, but that they have received separatist money, on the understanding that they would not oppose a movement to destroy whatever restrictions and safeguards the Imperial Parliament might impose upon an Irish Government.

The first law of nature with nations and governments, as with individuals, is self-preservation. It was the vital interests of national defence that caused Pitt to undertake the difficult and thankless task of creating the legislative union. If that union was necessary for the salvation of England and the foundation of the British Empire, it is assuredly no less necessary for the continued security of the one and the maintenance and prestige of the other.

Edward Carson, ‘Introduction’ in Simon Rosenbaum (ed.), Against Home Rule: The Case for the Union (London: Frederick Warne & Co., 1912), p. 18.

26/11/2025

26/11/2025

25/11/2025

📚✝ 𝗗𝗲𝗳𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗱 𝗙𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗵: 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗶𝘀 𝗧𝘂𝗿𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻 𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗼𝗰𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗔𝘀𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗮𝘀 𝗮𝗻 𝗜𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗧𝗿𝘂𝗲 𝗣𝗶𝗲𝘁𝘆 📖❌

One key difference between the Reformers and Rome was the question of assurance. The Reformers maintained that ordinary believers could have full assurance of salvation in the due use of ordinary means. Rome denied this teaching, viewing it as conducive to unholy living. The Genevan divine, Francis Turretin, argued that the opposite was the case. The doctrine of assurance, when properly received, served as an incentive to pursue sanctification.

𝗦𝗼 𝗳𝗮𝗿 𝗶𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗼𝗰𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗲 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗯𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗶𝗱𝘄𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗶𝘀 𝗻𝗼 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗲 𝗽𝗶𝗲𝘁𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝗻 𝗮 𝘃𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗱 𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗹𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝗼𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗯𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗳𝗶𝘁𝘀. 𝗧𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝗼 𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗳𝘂𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗹𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗼𝗻 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗮 𝗿𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗹𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗵𝗶𝗺 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝘄𝗵𝗼𝗺 𝗶𝘁 𝗿𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝘀𝗼 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗳𝗮𝘃𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗵𝗮𝘀 𝗯𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝘀𝗼 𝗵𝗶𝗴𝗵𝗹𝘆 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗹𝗲𝗳𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗼𝗻 𝗺𝗮𝘀𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻. …

𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗱𝗼𝗰𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝗯𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗰𝗮𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗳 𝗼𝗳 𝗮𝗳𝗳𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀, 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗳𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗶𝗰𝗸𝗲𝗱; 𝘁𝗼 𝗯𝗲 𝗮 𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗱𝘆 𝗮𝗴𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘀𝘁 𝗱𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗮𝗶𝗿, 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗮 𝗯𝗲𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲. 𝗧𝗵𝘂𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁𝘆 𝘀𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝗻𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗯𝗲 𝘂𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝗶𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗹𝘆 𝗮𝗱𝗷𝗼𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝗮𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗼𝗯𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝘁.

Francis Turretin, Institutes of Elenctic Theology, trans. George M. Giger, ed. James T. Dennison (1679-85; 3 vols, Phillipsburg NJ: Presbyterian & Reformed, 1992), 4.13.22, 26.

24/11/2025

Today we remember James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon
On this day, we mark the 85th anniversary of his passing.
As the first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland and a proud member of the Orange Institution, James Craig played a central role in shaping the future of our country.
His leadership and legacy continue to be remembered and respected.

24/11/2025

🧐 𝐀 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐲 📚

A Lutheran historian gave us this description of the papacy in the centuries before the Reformation.

𝗘𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗼𝗿𝘀, 𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝗵𝗮𝗱 𝗺𝗮𝗱𝗲 𝘀𝘂𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗺𝗶𝘀𝗲𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗽𝗼𝗽𝗲𝘀, 𝗯𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗼𝗽𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗹𝗲𝗿𝗴𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝗲𝗻𝗷𝗼𝘆 𝗯𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱 𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗮 𝘀𝗼𝗰𝗶𝗲𝘁𝘆 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗵𝗶𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵𝘆 𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝘁𝗼𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗽𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗽𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗮𝗻𝘁𝘀, 𝘄𝗵𝗼 𝗼𝗻𝗹𝘆 𝗽𝗮𝗶𝗱, 𝗽𝗿𝗮𝘆𝗲𝗱, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝗯𝗲𝘆𝗲𝗱. 𝗣𝗼𝗽𝗲𝘀 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱𝗹𝘆 𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀. 𝗔𝘁 𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘆-𝘀𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗻, 𝗣𝗼𝗽𝗲 𝗜𝗻𝗻𝗼𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗜𝗜𝗜 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗮 𝗺𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗱𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝘁𝘆𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝘄𝗵𝗼 𝗲𝘅𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀, 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗮 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗺𝘂𝗹𝗴𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗻𝗲𝘄 𝗱𝗼𝗰𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀.

𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝟭𝟯𝟬𝟵 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝟭𝟯𝟳𝟴, 𝘀𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗻 𝗽𝗼𝗽𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗿 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗔𝘃𝗶𝗴𝗻𝗼𝗻, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝘄𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝘆 𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗽𝗼𝗺𝗽 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝗶𝗿𝗰𝘂𝗺𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲. 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗿𝘀 𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗸𝗻𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗿 𝗹𝗼𝘆𝗮𝗹𝘁𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗵 𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 𝗮𝘀 "𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗯𝘆𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗰𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗮𝗽𝗮𝗰𝘆" (𝗮𝗻𝗮𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗯𝘆𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗲𝘅𝗶𝗹𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗜𝘀𝗿𝗮𝗲𝗹, 𝟱𝟴𝟱-𝟱𝟯𝟲 𝗕.𝗖.𝗘.). 𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗼𝗽𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗺𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗖𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗦𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗮 (𝟭𝟯𝟰𝟳-𝟭𝟯𝟴𝟬) 𝗮𝗱𝘃𝗼𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗼𝗽𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲, 𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗶𝗱 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗔𝘃𝗶𝗴𝗻𝗼𝗻.

𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗽𝗼𝗽𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗿𝘂𝗹𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝟭𝟯𝟳𝟴 𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗹 𝟭𝟰𝟭𝟰, 𝗲𝘅𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗻 𝗯𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗮 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗿𝗱 𝗽𝗼𝗽𝗲 𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗮 𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗹 𝗼𝗳 𝗯𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗼𝗽𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝗶𝘀𝗮, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆. 𝗔𝗻𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗹, 𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 (𝟭𝟰𝟭𝟰-𝟭𝟰𝟭𝟴), 𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝘀𝘂𝗰𝗰𝗲𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘀𝗺 𝗯𝘆 𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗶𝘀𝗮𝗻 𝗽𝗼𝗽𝗲, 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗻 𝗫𝗫𝗜𝗜𝗜, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻 𝗩 𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝗻𝗹𝘆 𝗽𝗼𝗽𝗲.

Eric W. Gritsch, A History of Lutheranism (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, EPUB edn, 2002), 1.171.

24/11/2025