Law Education Forum

08/05/2021

Difference between a divorce and judicial separation:
Though the grounds for judicial separation and divorce are the same, the two procedures are very different. Some of the difference are as follows:

Parties are still considered to be married even though they are judicially separated but after a decree for divorce is granted the marriage ends and both parties can enter into subsequent domestic relationships with other people.
The process of judicial separation involves only one judgement, but the divorce procedure involves two judgements, one when the petition is filed, and one 6 months post the first judgement.
When hearing a petition for judicial separation, the judges presume that the couple can reconcile and resume cohabitation but while hearing a petition for divorce, the judges are more concerned about the permanent breakdown of the marriage.
Conclusion:-
Judicial Separation can be the first step to a divorce and the last step in an attempt to reconcile the parties so it is an option that every couple seeking to dissolve their marriage should consider. Both these reliefs are granted by the personal laws and enforced by the judiciary to ensure sufficient recourse to parties whose marriages have broken down but there’s still a chance for reconciliation and parties whose marriages have irretrievably broken down.

28/04/2021

26/04/2021

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25/07/2017

*Law Mantra-India to ratify 2 International Labour Organization conventions on child labour*

The labour ministry is likely to soon ratify two key international conventions on child labour, marking an important step towards total eradication of child labour from the country.

The move follows amendment to the Child Labour Act, which now completely prohibits children below 14 years of age from any kind of work. A senior labour ministry official told ETthat the ministry will shortly take up the pending child labour related conventions to the International Labour Organization (ILO) for ratification after getting it approved at the upcoming 48th Indian Labour Conference.

“The ratification of conventions 138 and 182 will make it legally binding to comply with the provisions of the conventions,” the official said, requesting not to be identified. According to the 2001 census, there were 12.6 million child workers between the ages of five and 14 in India. In 2011, this number fell to 4.35 million.

The National Sample Survey Office’s survey of 2009-10 put the number at 4.98 million. The Union cabinet has already approved ratification of the two conventions to address concerns related to child labour. While Convention No. 138 sets minimum age for admission to employment, the Worst Form of Child Labour Convention (No. 182) concerns prohibition and stipulates immediate action for elimination of the worst forms of child labour. So far, Convention 138 has been ratified by 169 countries and Convention 182 has been ratified by 180 countries.

Hence, by ratifying these two core conventions, India will join majority of the countries that have adopted the legislation to prohibit and place severe restrictions on the employment and work of children. India has so far ratified 45 conventions of the ILO, of which 42 are in force. Out of these four are fundamental or core conventions. Complete elimination of all forms of child labour is also crucial for the attainment of United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.
The government has taken up a multi-pronged strategy, including both stringent legislative and project-based approach, to address the concerns related to child labour.
The amendment to the Child Labour Act proposes complete prohibition of employment of children up to the age of 14 years while banning employment of children between 15-18 years in hazardous works, in sync with the Right to Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009.

Besides, the amended law provides for a fine of Rs 60,000 to an employer who hires children below the age of 14 years or an imprisonment of up to two years. Even the parents are liable to be fined Rs 5,000 and imprisonment of six months to one year if they force children below 14 years into labour for the second time after they are rescued.
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Law Mantra News Paper is Weekly and Bilengual News Paper Publishing from Lucknow.,With RNi Title Code-UPBIL04778.We have no relation with other similar name magzines..Law Mantra News Paper is registered by RNI under Indian Laws.

03/07/2017

SC का जस्टिस कर्णन की जमानत याचिका पर सुनवाई से इनकार, जेल में बिताने होंगे 6 महीने:
Law Mantra:कोलकाता हाईकोर्ट के पूर्व जज जस्टिस सीएस कर्णन को सुप्रीम कोर्ट से राहत नहीं मिल रही है। सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने उनकी जमानत याचिका पर सुनवाई करने से इनकार कर दिया है और अपने फैसले को बरकार रखा है। इससे ये साफ हो गया है कि जस्टिस कर्णन को छह महीने तक सलाखों के पीछे ही रहना पड़ेगा। जस्टिस कर्णन को बड़ी मश्कत के बाद कोलकाता पुलिस ने धर-दबोचा है।
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27/06/2017

के के वेणुगोपाल हो सकते हैं अगले अटार्नी जनरल
वरिष्ठ अधिवक्ता केके वेणुगोपाल अटार्नी जनरल के पद के बड़े दावेदार बनकर उभरे हैं। मुकुल रोहतगी के इस पद से हटने के फैसले के बाद सरकार के शीर्ष विधि अधिकारी की तलाश हो रही है। प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी के तीन देशों की यात्रा से लौटने के तुरंत बाद नए अटार्नी जनरल के नाम का एलान हो सकता है। हालांकि सूत्रों के अनुसार, ‘इस समय पर कुछ भी कहना जल्दबाजी होगी। पीएम ही इस पर फैसला लेंगे।’
पद्म विभूषण और पद्म भूषण से सम्मानित वेणुगोपाल मोरारजी देसाई सरकार के दौरान अतिरिक्त सॉलिसिटर जनरल रहे हैं। उन्होंने कई सरकारों को मदद की और वरिष्ठ अधिवक्ता के तौर पर उनका प्रतिनिधित्व किया। 2जी स्पेक्ट्रम आवंटन घोटाले में वह सीबीआई और प्रवर्तन निदेशालय (ईडी) की तरफ से सुप्रीम कोर्ट में पेश हुए थे।
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19/06/2017

Difference Between a Court Trial and a Hearing:
When it comes to matters of the court, many people fail to understand what to follow and what not to follow and therefore just wait for the day when they will hear the sentencing of the person.
When there is hearing it means that there is a session to gather more information about the case and even see evidence that is brought forward about the case, the hearing determines which cause the case will take. There can be several hearings though take shorter time depending on how the case is, just to ensure if there is further investigation needed or need to go to trial. Hearing is only done infront of the judge without the jury. The judge then decides if the case needs to go further or not.
The hearing gives the suspect a chance to speak out and say his side of the story and also bring his/her witnesses should there be any, the hearing gives protection to those who have been wrongly accused and even work to end a case which is easier to solve out of court, meaning that the judge can decide if there is need to go to trial.
When it comes to trial, this is when the jury gets presented with the evidence which will enable them to decide on the outcome of the case. The jury has the mandate to compare the evidence presented before them so that they can decide on which side the case will go. They have the final say on whether the accused is guilty or not guilty.
The witnesses of both sides will come infront of the jury and they will listen as they take down important points that will help them determine the outcome of the case. The witnesses are questioned in the court. This can go for a while till all witnesses present their sides. The trial normally takes a longer time as compared to hearing.
The jury also give the possible punishments that can be given to the accused should they be found guilty. The trial gives the jury a chance to carefully look at the evidence before they can give their verdict. For example, if it is a murder charge, the jury will be in charge of looking at how the murder took place and reasons why the accused would want to take another person’s life.
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18/06/2017

*Registration in Advocate Directory*
अधिवक्ता डायरेक्टरी में निःशुल्क पंजीकरण करें..पूरे भारत से अधिवक्ता पंजीकृत हो रहे है, जिससे जरूरतमंद अपने शहर में अधिवक्ता को सर्च कर सके..
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लॉ मंत्रा समाचार पत्र

05/06/2017

PhD में प्रवेश लेना हुआ मुश्किल, UGC ने बदले नियम
यूजीसी ने पीएचडी में प्रवेश लेने के लिए अपनी वेबसाइट पर नियम डाले हैं, जिसके अनुसार पीएचडी में प्रवेश अब काफी मुश्किल होगा. इन नियमों के संशोधन के संबंध में, स्टैकहोल्डर 15 जून तक फीडबैक दे सकते हैं.
ड्राफ्ट रेगुलेशन ने सुझाव दिया है कि 'तृतीय श्रेणी संस्थान' के तहत आने वाली संस्थाएं उन उम्मीदवारों को भर्ती करेगी, जिन्होंने पीएचडी के लिए NET या SELT या SET परीक्षाए पास की हो.
यूनीवर्सिटी I क्या है?
यूजीसी के अनुसार, यूनीवर्सिटी I के लिए यदि 3.5 या उससे अधिक के स्कोर के साथ NAAC द्वारा मान्यता प्राप्त हो गई है. या फिर अगर उसने एनआईआरएफ के शीर्ष 50 संस्थानों में लगातार 2 साल तक रैंकिंग हासिल की हो.
यूनीवर्सिटी II क्या है?
यूनीवर्सिटी II के लिए NAAC द्वारा 3.01 और 3.4 9 के बीच के स्कोर के साथ मान्यता प्राप्त की हो. या फिर एनआईआरएफ 2 वर्षों के लिए 51 से 100 संस्थानों में रैंकिंग हासिल की गई हो.
यूनीवर्सिटी III क्या है?
यूनीवर्सिटी III है तो वह ना तो श्रेणी I या श्रेणी II के अंदर नही आयेगी. नए नियम केवल के अनुसार जिन्होंने पीएचडी के लिए NET या SELT या SET परीक्षाए पास की हो. उन्हीं को पीएचडी पाठ्यक्रम में प्रवेश के लिए श्रेणी 3 संस्थानों में प्रवेश मिलेगा
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20/05/2017

Provident Fund claims will be settled in 10 Days.
May 17, 2017-Law Mantra News Paper
The Minister of State for Labour & Employment(IC), Shri Bandaru Dattatreya launched EPFO’s Citizens’ Charter 2017 and e-court management system in Bangalore, today. Citizens’ Charter 2017 is an attempt to bring transparency and accountability on the part of EPFO and make service delivery system and grievance redressal mechanism more efficient so that it delivers goods and services to its all stakeholders in a time bound manner with a reduced timeline from earlier timeline of 30 days. The timeline in case of claim settlements is 10 days and 15 days in case of grievance redressal management.
The citizens’ charter has been launched with the vision of social security coverage to all employees as well as implementation of policies for benefit of all stakeholders with adequate support level of social security.
EPFO e-court Management System has been launched which is in tune with the vision of the Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi of digital India. The objective of the project is a transparent and electronic case management system which will cater to aspirations of all stakeholders – the employers, the employees, litigants and CBT. It is a step towards paperless court system wherein court procedure of EPF & MP Act, 1952 and EPFAT will take place in a digital environment.
Further, in order to facilitate easy access to the tribunal, automated messages will be sent to the litigants on their registered mobile numbers on the status of their cases. The stakeholders can also track the individual cases online.
Now the parties can file all their paper / evidence / documents online and all the details along with status can be accessed online. Updation is an important part of e-court management system in which digital case record will create a digital database which can be utilized to generate meaningful and accurate reports. This is also an attempt to create paperless court procedure along with efficiency and transparency in the system.
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02/05/2017

*Stridhan* - *Detailed* *Description*

The important features of Stridhan can be described as under:

(1) Whether it is Stridhan or Not:

A Hindu female can secure the property from numerous sources but every such property cannot be Stridhan. Whether a property constitutes Stridhan, depends upon the following factors:

(a) Source of acquiring the property,

(b) The status of the female at the time of acquiring the property, i.e., maidenhood, married status or widowhood.

(c) The school to which she belonged.

(2) Hindu Succession Rights:

In the matters of succession to Stridhan, a new order of heirs was provided under law which included her own heirs upon whom Stridhan devolved after the death of the female. This rule does not apply to the succession of woman’s estate. But now under the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 the distinction between the two categories of property have been abolished and an uniform rule of succession has been provided with respect to Stridhan.

(3) Power of Alienation (the transfer of the ownership of property rights):

A Hindu female possessed absolute ownership over Stridhan and hence she enjoyed absolute right of alienation of such property. She could voluntarily dispose it of.

After the commencement of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, every property held by a Hindu female on the date of the enforcement of Act, whether acquired prior or subsequent to the Act, became her absolute property. Hence she has got the absolute power to alienate the same at her volition.

Important sources of Stridhan:

Properties acquired from the following sources fall under the expression Stridhan—

(i) Gift received from relatives.

(ii) Gifts and bequests received from strangers during maidenhood.

(iii) Property obtained in partition.

(iv) Property got in lieu of maintenance.

(v) Property acquired by inheritance.

(vi) Property acquired through technical skill and art.

(vii) Property acquired by compromise.

(viii)Property acquired by adverse possession.

(ix) Property purchased with the earnings of the Stridhan or with savings of income from Stridhan.

(x) Property acquired lawfully from sources other than those mentioned above.

Kinds of Stridhana and incidents thereof:

(i) Adhayagni—gifts given at the time of nuptial fire.

(ii) Adhyavaharika—gifts given to bride while going to her husband’s house.

(iii) Pritidatta—gifts given to the daughters-in-law by mother and father-in-law out of love and affection.

(iv) Patidatta—gifts given to her by her husband.

(v) Padvannadanika—gifts given by the elders while wishing them and paying them respect.

(vi) Anvadhyeyaka—gifts received from husband after her marriage.

(vii) Adhivedanika—gift given to first wife when the second wife was brought.

(viii) Shulk—money received for marriage.

(ix) Bandhudatta—gifts given by relatives of mother and father.

(x) Vritti—money given for maintenance and properties purchased from the money given towards her maintenance.

(xi) Yavtaka—when the bride and bridegroom sat together after marriage and received gifts i.e., the gifts given to wife during marriage.

(xii) Ayavtaka—those which did not fall in the yavtaka category mentioned above.

(xiii) Savdayika and Asavdayika—this kind of Stridhan covers those properties which are received by a woman from her husband, father or at husbands’ or father’s house. The division of, Stridhan by Katyayana into Saudayika and Asaudayika depends upon right of alienation. She has an absolute right over all the Saudayika properties. Over Asaudayika Stridhan the husband too has the right of ownership.

(xiv) Paribhash*t and aparibhash*t—Technical stridhan—Mayukha law divides the Stridhan into paribhash*t and aparibhasit categories. The paribhasit one is given to the woman before fire or at the time of her departure for husband’s home. Other properties given to her fall under aparibhashik category.
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