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Tawarikh-e-Punjab, Budhlada, Mansa (2026)

24/05/2025

I just got Cheated on again , Any Revenge Tips...

28/09/2024

I've just reached 500 followers! Thank you for continuing support. I could never have made it without each one of you. 🙏🤗🎉

22/09/2024

Gurmukhi script’s geographical presence once was way beyond the Punjab; even in Sindh and Khyber areas.

Despite considered to be a Sikh script only limited to religious texts and small areas of Punjab and with no formal recognition in Sikh and British eras, Gurmukhi seems to have expanded its range that by 1900s many railway Stations and Forts in Khyber having Punjabi Signboards in Gurmukhi along with English and Urdu.

In NWFP, which was largely Pashtun area, also had considerable Punjabi population consisting of Khatri traders in cities like Peshawar and military cantts full of Sikh soldiers.

Meanwhile in Sindh, Sikh Deras especially of Nanakpanthi orders made Gurmukhi popular and became another script for Sindhi language apart from Khudabadi and Perso Arabic scripts used for writing Sindhi.

📸 - Thal Fort, NWFP, 1919, Third Anglo Afghan war
2. Landi Kotal Railway station, Khyber Pass, 1900s
3. Sita Road, an old Signboard

ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ ਲਿਪੀ ਦੀ ਭੂਗੋਲਿਕ ਮੌਜੂਦਗੀ ਇੱਕ ਵਾਰ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਤੋਂ ਪਰੇ ਸੀ; ਇੱਥੋਂ ਤੱਕ ਕਿ ਸਿੰਧ ਅਤੇ ਖੈਬਰ ਖੇਤਰਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੀ।

ਸਿੱਖ ਲਿਪੀ ਨੂੰ ਕੇਵਲ ਧਾਰਮਿਕ ਗ੍ਰੰਥਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਛੋਟੇ ਖੇਤਰਾਂ ਤੱਕ ਹੀ ਸੀਮਤ ਮੰਨੇ ਜਾਣ ਦੇ ਬਾਵਜੂਦ ਅਤੇ ਸਿੱਖ ਅਤੇ ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਯੁੱਗ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੋਈ ਰਸਮੀ ਮਾਨਤਾ ਨਾ ਹੋਣ ਦੇ ਬਾਵਜੂਦ, ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਸੀਮਾ ਦਾ ਵਿਸਤਾਰ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਪਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ 1900 ਤੱਕ ਖੈਬਰ ਦੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਰੇਲਵੇ ਸਟੇਸ਼ਨਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਕਿਲ੍ਹਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸਾਈਨ ਬੋਰਡ ਸਨ। ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅਤੇ ਉਰਦੂ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ।

NWFP ਵਿੱਚ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾਤਰ ਪਸ਼ਤੂਨ ਖੇਤਰ ਸੀ, ਵਿੱਚ ਵੀ ਕਾਫੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਆਬਾਦੀ ਸੀ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਿਸ਼ਾਵਰ ਵਰਗੇ ਸ਼ਹਿਰਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਖੱਤਰੀ ਵਪਾਰੀ ਸਨ ਅਤੇ ਸਿੱਖ ਸਿਪਾਹੀਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਭਰੀਆਂ ਫੌਜੀ ਛਾਉਣੀਆਂ ਸਨ।

ਇਸ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਸਿੰਧ ਵਿੱਚ, ਸਿੱਖ ਡੇਰਿਆਂ ਖਾਸ ਕਰਕੇ ਨਾਨਕਪੰਥੀਆਂ ਨੇ ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਸਿੱਧ ਬਣਾਇਆ ਅਤੇ ਸਿੰਧੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਲਈ ਖੁਦਾਬਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਪਰਸੋ ਅਰਬੀ ਲਿਪੀਆਂ ਤੋਂ ਇਲਾਵਾ ਸਿੰਧੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਲਈ ਇੱਕ ਹੋਰ ਲਿਪੀ ਬਣ ਗਈ।

20/09/2024

Ibn Battuta and his party travelled from the city of Abohar through a desert that would take one day to cross. Along its borders were inaccessible hillocks (Tibbe) inhabited by the Hindus, who frequently held up the travellers and made the roads unsafe. A majority of the inhabitants of India were infidels (Hindus).

Some of them were subject people under the protection of the Muslim rule and lived in villages. They were placed under a Muslim officer (hakim) who was under a tax collector (amil or khadim) who
held the village in his fief (iqta). Others were rebels who were at war. They fortified themselves in the hillocks and waylaid the people.

At this juncture, Ibn Battuta has narrated the experience of his first armed encounter in India. When he and his entourage prepared to set out from Abohar, the main party left the town in the early morning, but he stayed there with a small group of his
companions until midday.

When the latter ultimately came out, they numbered twenty two horsemen, some of whom were Arabs and some non-Arabs. In that desert (open country) they were attacked by eighty infidels (Hindus) on foot and two horsemen. The companions of Ibn Battuta put up a valiant fight.

They killed as many as twelve footmen and one horseman, taking away the latter’s horse as b***y. Ibn Battuta was struck by an arrow, while his horse was hit by another. But God in His grace rescued them, as the arrows of the attackers did not have much force. A horse belonging to one of his companions was wounded.

They replaced it with a horse captured from a Hindu. The wounded horse was slaughtered by the accompanying Turks who ate it. They carried the heads of the slain to the fortress of Abu Bakhar and hung them From the city wall. They reached the fortress at midnight.

📸- Mound of Fortress of Abohar,
🎨- Hajj Caravan, A miniature from al-Wasiti’s Maqamat of Al-Hariri

📕- Rahila by Ibn Battuta & making of medieval Punjab by Surinder Singh

20/09/2024

We rarely get to see scientists that Punjab gave to the world, let’s talk about such a man who was actually involved in Manhattan Project!

Dr. Piara Singh Gill was a nuclear physicist and pioneer of cosmic ray nuclear physics. He was born on 28 October 1911 in Chela, Hoshiarpur district in a Sikh family of Gill Jatt clan. His background was a normal farming family. The village had no school he daily walked 11 km to Khalsa High school in Mahilpur town from where he graduated in 1928.

Since his brother was involved in violent Babbar Akali Movement against the British rule and he left India for USA via Panama where he worked as a taxi driver for some time and then moved to US where he attended Sacramento Junior College, University of Southern California while at same time doing odd jobs for income sources.

In 1936 Piara joined University of Chicago for his PhD under the Nobel Laureate Arthur Compton. In 1939 he attended International Symposium on Cosmic Rays and published a paper about Pi-Meson spins and during this period itself he worked with Robert Oppenheimer in Manhattan Project, which gave world the first Nuclear Bombs.

Piara returned to Punjab in 1941 and worked as a lecturer in Forman Christian College Lahore and extensively worked on Cosmic rays in India at Baralapcha La and Aircrafts.

Piara Singh further worked with HJ Bhabha at Tata Institute of fundamental research and in 1950-60s was advisor of PM Nehru on Nuclear policy of India. Piara Singh died in 2002.

📸- Dr. Piara Singh Gill, Dr. Oppenheimer, Dr. Compton

De Havilland Mosquito plane, in which Gill carried out experiments on Cosmic rays in India

Trinity Nuclear explosion, July 16 1945

📕- Up against all Odds, Autobiography of an Indian Scientist by Piara Singh Gill

19/09/2024

The Sikh & Jat relationship of 1760s was quite contrary to what many caste supremacist pages have presented that it was some kind of caste unity of “”Jatland”” against other kingdoms of Rohillas, Rajputs and Marathas.

It has been recorded that when Suraj Mal, Maharaja of Bharatpur Jat kingdom was killed in 1763 by a Rohilla ambush, his son vowed revenge on Rohilla Chief, Najib-ud-Daula and war commenced, Jats were supported by the Marathas, but due to the lukewarm response turned to the Dal Khalsa Sikhs, who were raiding Ganga-Yamuna Doab by 1764.

Sikhs in turn, what has been presented as a solidarity of “Jat Brotherhood” (because many of Sikhs had a Punjabi Jatt background), in turn treated Jawahar as a vassal, at Burari Ghat near Delhi, forcing him dismount his elephant, Jawahar Attended the Sikh Sardars, who kicked out his ho**ah bearers and proclaimed “ Jawahar Singh, son of Suraj Mal, has come within the shelter of Khalsa Jio and become a Sikh of Nanak. He demands redress for his father’s blood”.

More interesting thing is while Dal Khalsa decided to help Jawahir Singh, the Sikhs of Phulkians, 1000 strong under general Bhola Singh were fighting along Rohillas against the Jats only.

18th century politics, as usual were based on mutual benefits and profit, rather than a “caste unity”, a fact that that Sikhs, belonging to a totally different cultural zone barely related with Jats of Braj to have any kind of caste factor in the alliance.

🎨- Suraj Mal & Jawahir Singh, 18th century paintings

📕- History of the Sikhs, Hari Ram Gupta Vol. I

19/09/2024

“On the 16th March 1836, in the town of Jandiala Sher Singh, where Zorawar Singh of Tibet, presented himself to the Maharaja with some “Gont” horses and 40 “Harzarjo”. He said that on the conquest of that country lakhs of rupees had to be spent ; but the Raja Kalan brought it into possession without any fighting or warfare.

The said Wazir (Zorawar Singh) said that the country of Tibet extended over a distance of 500 Kos and its boundary was continuous with that of China, where the King of China had his sway, and told the Maharaja that if he be pleased to give an order for the conquest of the country of China he was ready to kindle the fires of fighting and dispute with the King of China. The Maharaja said that the King of China had 12 lakhs of soldiers. How could possession of that country be established?

He replied, “By the grace of over triumphant glory of the Maharaja he would take possession of it”

📕- An excerpt from Umdat Ut Tawarikh, court chronicles by Sohan Lal Suri of discussion between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and General Zorawar Singh Kahluria’s Campaign plans on Tibetan frontier.

General Zorawar Singh was a Hindu Pahari Rajput, a General of Khalsa Army in charge of Ladakh and Tibetan frontiers, and one who initiated the Sino-Sikh War in 1841 after Lahore Durbar’s approval.

Post is concerning the recent Tank “Zorawar” introduced in Indian Army, and Dogra Nationalists trying to wipe off the image of participation of Sikhs, Ladakhis, Balti people’s role in the War and claim Zorawar as General of “Dogra Army of Jammu & Kashmir” state, which came into existence after 1846 and totally wiping away the Sikh Empire’s existence in the war.

🎨- Zorawar Singh Kahluria camping, burning of a fort contemporary Kashmiri manuscript .panjabi , Mt. Kailash & Mansarovar

18/09/2024

“Shri Khalsaji Apsarani Shri Maharajah; Lhasa representative Kalon Surkang; investigator Dapon Peshi, commander of forces; Balana, the representative of Gulam Kahandin; and the interpreter Amir Shah, have written this letter after sitting together.

We have agreed that we have no ill-feeling because of the past war. The two kings will henceforth remain friends forever. The relationship between Raja Gulab Singh (of Jammu) and the Lama Guru of Lhasa (Dalai Lama) is now established. The Maharajah Sahib, with God (Kunchok) as his witness, promised to recognize ancient boundaries, which should be looked after by each side without resorting to warfare.

When the descendants of the early kings, who fled from Ladakh to Tibet, now return, they will be restored to their former stations. The annual envoy from Ladakh to Lhasa will not be stopped by Shri Maharajah. Trade between Ladakh and Tibet will continue as usual. Tibetan government traders coming into Ladakh will receive free transport and accommodations as before, and the Ladakhi envoy will, in turn, receive the same facilities in Lhasa.

The Ladakhis take an oath before God (Kunchok) that they will not intrigue or create new troubles in Tibetan territory. We have agreed with God as witness, that Shri Maharajah Sahib and the Lama Guru of Lhasa (Dalai Lama) will live together as members of the same household. We have written the above on the second of Assura, Sambvat 1899 (17 September 1842).”

“Sealed by the Wazir, Dewan, Balana, and Amir Shah.”

The Ladakhi letter of agreement which ended Sino Sikh war and settled the boundary of Ladakh and Tibet territories of respective Empires.

📸- Treaty of Chushul letter, wikimedia commons
📸- Maharaja Sher Singh, 1840-50,
📸- 11th Dalai Lama, Khedrup Gyatso, Thangka art

📕- Political letters of Tibet (821 -1951), Diir publications

18/09/2024

“The Garden of Indra”, Nandna was the last captial of the Hindu Shahi Dyansty, before its fall in early 11th century AD to the Ghaznavid forces of Mahmud Ghazni.

Nandna stands in the Salt range ridge overlooking the plains below in Jhelum district. Complex consists of a Shaiv Temple built by Hindu Shahi ruler Anandpala and ruins of fortress walls.

Nandna after Ghaznavid takeover, in 1017 fort became site of laboratory of the noted Khawarzmian Iranian scholar Al-Biruni, who carried out his experiments here and calculated Earth’s radius at this very place, which turned out to be 3928.77 miles (actual radius is 3879.80 miles, nevertheless remarkable)

Al Biruni and also worked here with Hindus, learning about Hindu philosophy, rituals, texts and social structures and wrote his noted work, Kitab ul Hind.

📸- Nandna Fort, Shiv Temple of Nandna, Al Biruni, maths for calculating circumference of earth
📕- making of medieval Punjab, Surinder Singh

“ਇੰਦ੍ਰਦੇਵ ਦਾ ਬਾਗ਼”, ਨੰਦਨਾ ਕਿਲ੍ਹਾ 11ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਈਸਵੀ ਦੇ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਹਿਮੂਦ ਗਜ਼ਨੀ ਦੀਆਂ ਗਜ਼ਨਵੀ ਫ਼ੌਜਾਂ ਦੇ ਹੱਥੋਂ ਪਤਨ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਹਿੰਦੂ ਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਵੰਸ਼ ਦੀ ਆਖਰੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ ਸੀ।

ਨੰਦਨਾ ਜੇਹਲਮ ਜ਼ਿਲੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੇਠਲੇ ਮੈਦਾਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵੇਖਦੇ ਹੋਏ ਸਾਲਟ ਰੇਂਜ ਰਿਜ ਵਿੱਚ ਖੜ੍ਹੀ ਹੈ। ਕੰਪਲੈਕਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਹਿੰਦੂ ਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਸ਼ਾਸਕ ਆਨੰਦਪਾਲ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਬਣਾਇਆ ਗਿਆ ਇੱਕ ਸ਼ੈਵ ਮੰਦਰ ਅਤੇ ਕਿਲ੍ਹੇ ਦੀਆਂ ਕੰਧਾਂ ਦੇ ਖੰਡਰ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹਨ।

ਗਜ਼ਨਵੀ ਦੇ ਕਬਜ਼ੇ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਨੰਦਨਾ, 1017 ਵਿੱਚ ਕਿਲ੍ਹਾ ਪ੍ਰਸਿੱਧ ਖਵਾਰਜ਼ਮੀਅਨ ਈਰਾਨੀ ਵਿਦਵਾਨ ਅਲ-ਬਿਰੂਨੀ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਯੋਗਸ਼ਾਲਾ ਦਾ ਸਥਾਨ ਬਣ ਗਿਆ, ਜਿਸਨੇ ਇੱਥੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਪ੍ਰਯੋਗ ਕੀਤੇ ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਜਗ੍ਹਾ ‘ਤੇ ਧਰਤੀ ਦੇ ਘੇਰੇ ਦੀ ਗਣਨਾ ਕੀਤੀ, ਜੋ ਕਿ 3928.77 ਮੀਲ (ਅਸਲ ਘੇਰਾ 3879.80 ਮੀਲ ਹੈ ਫਿਰ ਵੀ ਕਮਾਲ)
ਨਿਕਲਿਆ।

ਅਲ ਬਿਰੂਨੀ ਨੇ ਹਿੰਦੂਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਵੀ ਇੱਥੇ ਕੰਮ ਕੀਤਾ, ਹਿੰਦੂ ਫ਼ਲਸਫਾ, ਰੀਤੀ-ਰਿਵਾਜਾਂ, ਗ੍ਰੰਥਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਸੰਰਚਨਾਵਾਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਮਸ਼ਹੂਰ ਰਚਨਾ, ਕਿਤਾਬ ਉਲ ਹਿੰਦ ਲਿਖੀ।

18/09/2024

Nabha’s Raja Devinder Singh’s role in first Anglo Sikh war was totally opposite of what British had expected from him as per 1809 Amritsar treaty.

Nabha, a British protectorate Sikh state in Cis Sutlej region, loved to bypass the British like its Phulkian Neighbour state of Jind.

It had direct diplomatic relations with Lahore, a policy which wasn’t allowed by the British but nevertheless existed. It exchanged territories of Maur Kalan in Bathinda with Lahore, and this transfer remained hidden for 25 years from the British until 1842.

When war broke out in 1845, Nabha didn’t send any troops as reinforcements to fight against the Khalsa Army when demanded, which was partly due to warm relations with Lahore & its hatred for Patiala over Duladi dispute, since the British had ruled in favour of Patiala in the dispute.

As a Result in middle of War, British removed the Raja Devinder Singh from throne of Nabha and imprisoned him and sent him to exile in Mathura, seized 1/4th of Nabha’s territories and installed his infant son Bharpur Singh on the throne of Nabha.

📸- Raja Devinder Singh and attendants, 1840s, Nabha
📕- PEPSU: Historical Background by Ganda Singh

ਪਹਿਲੀ ਐਂਗਲੋ ਸਿੱਖ ਜੰਗ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਾਭਾ ਦੇ ਰਾਜਾ ਦਵਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਦੀ ਭੂਮਿਕਾ 1809 ਦੀ ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ ਸੰਧੀ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ਾਂ ਨੇ ਜੋ ਉਮੀਦ ਕੀਤੀ ਗਈ ਸੀ, ਉਸ ਦੇ ਬਿਲਕੁਲ ਉਲਟ ਸੀ।

ਨਾਭਾ, ਸਿਜ ਸਤਲੁਜ ਖੇਤਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ ਵਾਲਾ ਸਿੱਖ ਰਾਜ, ਜੀਂਦ ਦੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਫੁਲਕੀਆਂ ਗੁਆਂਢੀ ਰਾਜ ਵਾਂਗ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਬਾਈਪਾਸ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਸੰਦ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ। ਇਸ ਦੇ ਲਾਹੌਰ ਨਾਲ ਸਿੱਧੇ ਕੂਟਨੀਤਕ ਸਬੰਧ ਸਨ, ਇੱਕ ਨੀਤੀ ਜਿਸਦੀ ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਇਜਾਜ਼ਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ ਸੀ। ਇੱਥੋਂ ਤੱਕ ਕਿ ਬਠਿੰਡਾ ਦੇ ਮੌੜ ਕਲਾਂ ਦੇ ਇਲਾਕਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਲਾਹੌਰ ਨਾਲ ਬਦਲ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਇਹ ਤਬਾਦਲਾ 1842 ਤੱਕ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ਾਂ ਤੋਂ 25 ਸਾਲ ਤੱਕ ਛੁਪਿਆ ਰਿਹਾ।

ਜਦੋਂ 1845 ਵਿਚ ਜੰਗ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਹੋਈ, ਤਾਂ ਨਾਭਾ ਨੇ ਖਾਲਸਾ ਫੌਜ ਦੇ ਵਿਰੁੱਧ ਲੜਨ ਲਈ ਕੋਈ ਫੌਜ ਨਹੀਂ ਭੇਜੀ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਅੰਸ਼ਕ ਤੌਰ ‘ਤੇ ਲਾਹੌਰ ਨਾਲ ਨਿੱਘੇ ਸਬੰਧਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਦੁਲੱਦੀ ਵਿਵਾਦ ਨੂੰ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਪਟਿਆਲਾ ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਨਫ਼ਰਤ ਕਾਰਨ ਸੀ, ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ਾਂ ਨੇ ਪਟਿਆਲਾ ਦੇ ਹੱਕ ਵਿਚ ਰਾਜ ਕੀਤਾ ਸੀ। ਵਿਵਾਦ ਵਿੱਚ.

ਯੁੱਧ ਦੇ ਮੱਧ ਦੇ ਨਤੀਜੇ ਵਜੋਂ, ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ਾਂ ਨੇ ਰਾਜਾ ਦਵਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਨੂੰ ਨਾਭਾ ਦੀ ਗੱਦੀ ਤੋਂ ਹਟਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਕੈਦ ਕਰ ਲਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਮਥੁਰਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਜਲਾਵਤਨੀ ਭੇਜ ਦਿੱਤਾ, ਅਤੇ ਉਸਦੇ
ਛੋਟੇ ਪੁੱਤਰ ਭਰਪੂਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਨੂੰ ਨਾਭਾ ਦੀ ਗੱਦੀ ਉੱਤੇ ਬਿਠਾਇਆ।

Tawarikh-e-Punjab

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