01/09/2025
DEVOLUTION IN THE ANGLICAN CHURCH OF KENYA: A PASTORAL, HISTORICAL AND THEOLOGICAL REFLECTION
Rev. Isaac Lokai Kamais
Introduction
The concept of devolution has shaped both the life of the Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK) and the Republic of Kenya. In both Church and State, devolution arose as a response to challenges of governance, representation, and service delivery across vast and diverse territories. This paper argues that devolution, whether ecclesiastical or political, must ultimately be evaluated by its pastoral concernâthe well-being and dignity of people created in the image of God (Imago Dei).
Historical Trajectory of the Anglican Church of Kenya
The Anglican presence in Kenya began in 1844 with Johann Ludwig Krapf of the Church Missionary Society (CMS), who established mission work in Mombasa (Maxon, 2019). The Church gradually expanded inland through evangelism, education, and healthcare, culminating in the creation of the Diocese of Eastern Equatorial Africa in 1884, which covered Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika (Gathogo, 2011).
In 1955, the consecration of the first African bishops, Festo Olangâ and Obadiah Kariuki, marked the rise of African leadership (Hastings, 1994). By 1960, the Province of East Africa was inaugurated, uniting Kenya and Tanganyika under Archbishop Leonard Beecher. Ten years later, the Province split, and Kenya became an independent province, with Archbishop Festo Olangâ as primate. In 1998, the Church officially adopted the name Anglican Church of Kenya to reflect its national identity (Gatumu, 2018).
Today, the ACK has grown to 40 dioceses (ACK, 2024). This expansion is not just administrativeâit embodies a pastoral theology of bringing the shepherd closer to the flock.
The Logic of Ecclesiastical Devolution
In the past, dioceses covered vast areas, leaving bishops overstretched. For instance, the former Nyahururu Diocese, which included Samburu County, spanned over 24,000 km². A single bishop overseeing such a territory was both practically and pastorally impossible. In the Diocese of Nakuru, confirmations sometimes took two years, since the bishopâs schedule was overstretched. Such delays in sacramental ministry reveal why devolution of dioceses is a pastoral necessity.
The Provincial Synod has occasionally imposed moratoria of 5â10 years on new dioceses to guard against ethnic fragmentation. While polity concerns are valid, they must not overshadow the pastoral imperative of Missio DeiâGodâs mission of reconciliation, care, and presence among His people (Bosch, 1991).
Affirmative action by the Province in creating new dioceses for expansive and marginalized areasâsuch as Samburu and Marsabitâwas therefore a theological act of justice. To contextualize, Samburu County alone is larger than Israel (22,072 km²). Without devolution, episcopal care in such areas would remain distant and inaccessible.
Political Devolution in Kenya: The 2010 Constitution
The story of devolution in the ACK finds resonance in Kenyaâs political history. For decades, the Northern Frontier Districts (NFDs)âSamburu, Marsabit, Turkana, Mandera, Wajir, and Garissaâwere marginalized under the centralized state (Whittaker, 2015). Infrastructure, healthcare, education, and political participation lagged behind the rest of the country (Adan & Pkalya, 2005).
The promulgation of the 2010 Constitution introduced 47 devolved county governments, radically shifting power and resources closer to the people (Cheeseman, Lynch & Willis, 2016). For the first time, formerly marginalized counties received direct budget allocations, enabling investments in healthcare, roads, water projects, and education.
Parallels Between Ecclesiastical and Political Devolution
Both Church and State reveal similar lessons:
Accessibility of leadership: Just as county governors are now accessible to citizens, bishops in devolved dioceses are closer to Christians.
Affirmative action: The recognition of historically marginalized regions in the Constitution parallels the ACKâs creation of dioceses in Samburu and Marsabit.
Pastoral and social justice: Devolution in both realms is ultimately about addressing historical imbalances and ensuring care reaches the periphery.
Theological Reflection
Theologically, devolution aligns with the Incarnation of Christ (John 1:14). God did not remain distant but came to dwell among His people. In the same way, ecclesiastical and political devolution embody the principle of presence. Bishops closer to their flock and county governments closer to citizens echo the divine model of proximity.
Moreover, devolution reflects the Pauline model of the Church as a body with many parts (1 Corinthians 12:12â27). Every region, however small or remote, is indispensable to the health of the whole. To neglect Samburu or Marsabit would be to deny the body its fullness.
Conclusion
The Anglican Church of Kenyaâs devolution from 1844 to 40 dioceses today parallels Kenyaâs political journey from marginalization to the promise of the 2010 devolved state. Both trajectories remind us that viability cannot override pastoral and human concern. The Missio DeiâGodâs missionâis realized when every person, whether in Nairobi or in the remotest corner of Samburu, experiences the nearness of care, justice, and dignity.
Devolution, then, is not simply governance; it is a theological act of incarnation, justice, and mission.
References
ACK (2024) Provincial Synod Report 2024. Nairobi: Anglican Church of Kenya.
Adan, M. & Pkalya, R. (2005) Conflict in Northern Kenya: A Focus on the Internally Displaced Conflict Victims in Northern Kenya. ITDGâEA, Nairobi.
Bosch, D.J. (1991) Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission. Maryknoll: Orbis Books.
Cheeseman, N., Lynch, G. & Willis, J. (2016) Decentralisation in Kenya: The Governance of Governors. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 54(1), pp.1â35.
Gathogo, J. (2011) âThe Intellectual Heritage of the Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK)â. Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae, 37(1), pp.91â110.
Gatumu, K. (2018) The Anglican Church of Kenya: Identity, Polity and Mission. Nairobi: Uzima Press.
Hastings, A. (1994) The Church in Africa 1450â1950. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Maxon, R. (2019) Britain and Kenyaâs Constitutions, 1950â1960. London: Routledge.
Whittaker, H. (2015) Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Kenya: A Social History of the Shifta Conflict, 1963â1968. Leiden: Brill.