08/10/2025
In History
The Berlin Conference (1884–1885) was actually held before the full-scale European invasion and colonization of Africa, not after. It was a meeting where European powers formalized their plans to divide Africa among themselves without African involvement.
What Led to the Berlin Conference?
Before the conference, European powers had been expanding their presence in Africa through coastal trading posts, missionary activities, and occasional military incursions. However, competition among European countries—especially Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, and Belgium—was increasing. This tension was particularly fueled by:
The Scramble for Africa: By the late 19th century, European nations were rapidly claiming African territories, leading to conflicts over control and boundaries.
King Leopold II of Belgium's Interests: His personal control over the Congo created tensions with other European nations, particularly Britain and France.
British and French Rivalry: France was expanding westward from Senegal and eastward from Algeria, while Britain sought to control Egypt and South Africa, leading to potential clashes.
Germany’s Growing Influence: Newly unified Germany, under Otto von Bismarck, wanted to establish itself as a colonial power, despite Bismarck’s earlier reluctance toward colonization.
The Berlin Conference (1884–1885)
To avoid direct conflict among European powers, Otto von Bismarck hosted the Berlin Conference in Germany. Fourteen countries, including Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, and Belgium, attended, while no African representatives were present. The conference established rules for colonization, most notably the "Principle of Effective Occupation," which required European powers to demonstrate actual control over claimed territories.
After the Conference: African Invasion
Following the conference, European nations intensified their invasion and colonization of Africa. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European rule,