Stem Pathway Ke

19/09/2025

Scientist of the day

18/09/2025

Scientist of the Day

18/09/2025

In 1851, by interpreting the motion of a heavy iron ball swinging from a wire 67 metres (220 feet) long, a French man, for the first time, proved that the Earth rotates about its axis. He is our (second) "scientist of the day", today.

It's the birthday of "Jean Bernard Léon Foucault", the man who demonstrated that the Earth spins on its axis — —

(Scientist of the Day - 18 September)

Foucault made important discoveries in many areas, including the understanding of crystals, inventing the gyroscope (used in inertial navigation systems today), and better processes for silvering telescope mirrors. But his most famous discovery was the pendulum named after him.

Attached to a nearly frictionless pivot, the Foucault pendulum always swings in a constant (vertical) plane while the earth rotates beneath it, the vertical plane slowly changes, at a rate and direction dependent on the geographic latitude of the pendulum and making the plane of the pendulum seem to rotate.

With Charles Wheatstone’s revolving mirror, he, in 1862, determined the speed of light to be 298,000 km/s, 10,000 km/s less than that obtained by previous experimenters and only 0.6% in error of the currently accepted value.

He discovered eddy currents, and is credited with naming the gyroscope. In 1862 Foucault was made a member of the Bureau des Longitudes and an officer of the Legion of Honour. He became a member of the Royal Society of London in 1864, and member of the mechanical section of the Institute a year later.

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17/09/2025

It's not fair 🥺😂

16/09/2025

I can't stop laughing 😂😂😂😂

16/09/2025

For centuries, the universe was thought to be a fixed and immobile sphere surrounded by a finite number of stars and other celestial bodies. Even discussed the conception of the universe; after applying his GR to the cosmos as a whole. But everything changed almost a century ago. Based on Einstein's theory of , a Russian man wrote a paper outlining numerous alternative histories of the cosmos. What's more fascinating is that he anticipated the expansion of the cosmos using a mathematical abstraction rather than physical proof. That Russian man is our "scientist of the day" today.

It's death anniversary of , the man who helped develop models that explained the development of the universe --

(Scientist of the Day - 16 September)

In 1924, Friedmann published his famous paper, "On the Possibility of a World with Constant Negative Curvature of Space". In this paper, he described an expanding universe, consistent with Einstein's general theory of relativity, whose fate depended on the density and the of space. Published by the German physics journal "Zeitschrift für Physik", Friedmann demonstrated that he had command of all three Friedmann models describing positive, negative & zero curvature respectively (look the shown image).

This dynamic cosmological model of general relativity would come to form the standard for both the and theories. Friedmann's work supports both theories equally, so it was not until the detection of the cosmic microwave background radiation that the Steady State theory was abandoned in favor of the current favorite Big Bang paradigm.

Friedmann's solution to Einstein's equations was arrived at later, and independently, by and by & . In their collective honor, the solution of the Einstein field equations that describes a homogeneous and isotropic universe is known as the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric.

(Extra - In his dissertation titled "Properties of the Expanding Universe," admits that "even Einstein, whose theory of relativity is the basis for almost all modern developments in cosmology, found it natural to suggest a static model of the universe."For centuries, the universe was thought to be a fixed and immobile sphere surrounded by a finite number of stars and other celestial bodies. Even discussed the conception of the universe; after applying his GR to the cosmos as a whole. But everything changed almost a century ago. Based on Einstein's theory of , a Russian man wrote a paper outlining numerous alternative histories of the cosmos. What's more fascinating is that he anticipated the expansion of the cosmos using a mathematical abstraction rather than physical proof. That Russian man is our "scientist of the day" today.

It's death anniversary of , the man who helped develop models that explained the development of the universe --

(Scientist of the Day - 16 September)

In 1924, Friedmann published his famous paper, "On the Possibility of a World with Constant Negative Curvature of Space". In this paper, he described an expanding universe, consistent with Einstein's general theory of relativity, whose fate depended on the density and the of space. Published by the German physics journal "Zeitschrift für Physik", Friedmann demonstrated that he had command of all three Friedmann models describing positive, negative & zero curvature respectively (look the shown image).

This dynamic cosmological model of general relativity would come to form the standard for both the and theories. Friedmann's work supports both theories equally, so it was not until the detection of the cosmic microwave background radiation that the Steady State theory was abandoned in favor of the current favorite Big Bang paradigm.

Friedmann's solution to Einstein's equations was arrived at later, and independently, by and by & . In their collective honor, the solution of the Einstein field equations that describes a homogeneous and isotropic universe is known as the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric.

(Extra - In his dissertation titled "Properties of the Expanding Universe," admits that "even Einstein, whose theory of relativity is the basis for almost all modern developments in cosmology, found it natural to suggest a static model of the universe."

15/09/2025

Once upon a time, a particle met up with two other tiny particles. The three particles quickly realized that, although they were all remarkably similar, they were also all slightly different. Pretty soon, these three were stuck together so tightly that no one ever saw a single particle without its two friends again... How did you like this story? 😃Today, let me introduce you to an American man, who proposed the existence of such extremely tiny particles that he called . He is our "scientist of the day" today.

It's the birthday of , the father of quarks - - -

(Scientist of the Day - 15 September)

Gell-Mann was one of the chief architects of the standard model of particle physics. In 1964, he (and independently, ) went on to postulate the existence of quarks.

In 1961, Gell-Mann and , an Israeli theoretical physicist, independently proposed a scheme for classifying previously discovered strongly interacting particles into a simple orderly arrangement of families. Called the , the scheme grouped and (protons and neutrons) into multiplets of 1, 8, 10, or 27 members on the basis of various properties. All particles in the same multiplet are to be thought of as variant states of the same basic particle. Gell-Mann speculated that it should be possible to explain certain properties of known particles in terms of even more particles, or blocks. He later called these basic bits of matter “quarks,” adopting the fanciful term from James Joyce’s novel Finnegans Wake.

One of the early successes of his quark hypothesis was the prediction and subsequent discovery of the particle (1964). Over the years, research has yielded other findings that have led to the wide acceptance and elaboration of the quark concept.

He was awarded a in Physics in 1969 for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions. He is also known to have played a role in keeping alive through the 1970s and early 1980s.

He wrote a popular science book about physics and complexity science, "The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex" (1994).

14/09/2025

Today is September 14. It's death anniversary of , one of the founders of scientific telescopic astronomy - - -

(Scientist of the Day - 14 September)

He is considered the greatest observational astronomer (of the 17th century) after and .

His major works:-
1. He discovered four of Saturn’s moons ( had discovered , its largest moon, earlier).
2. He discovered the gap in Saturn’s rings that is now called the “Cassini ”.
3. He discovered the Great Red Spot on (independently of ) and was the first to observe differential rotation within Jupiter’s atmosphere.
4. He also determined the rotation rate of Mars and Jupiter and gave the correct explanation of “zodiacal light.”
5. One of his more remarkable achievements was to measure the size of the Solar System. He did this by observing simultaneously with a colleague whom he had dispatched to French Guyana. gave the distance to Mars, which then by angular measurements gave the distances between other objects in the Solar System.

The Cassini space , launched in 1997 by NASA, was named after him and became the fourth to visit the planet Saturn and the first to orbit the planet.

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11/09/2025

There is an interesting story in the history of physics where, a father discovered an electron as a & won the 1906 Nobel Prize in physics, and his son discovered an electron as a & won the 1937 Nobel Prize in physics. Today, that son is our second "scientist of the day".

It's death anniversary of , the man who discovered the wave-like properties of the electron - - -

(Scientist of the Day - 10 September)

In the beginning of the 19th century, physics evolved from the idea that energy is conveyed in only certain fixed amounts. An early finding indicated that light can be regarded as both waves and particles. Later it was proposed that matter, such as electrons, also can be described as both waves and particles. In 1927 G.P. Thomson and Clinton Davisson demonstrated, independently of one another, that electrons could be described as waves.

Thomson conducted experiments demonstrating that a beam of electrons is diffracted upon passage through a nickel crystal, thus confirming ’s prediction (wave-particle duality) that particles should display the properties of waves that have a (λ) equal to the ratio of the (h) to the (p) of the particle; that is, λ = h/p.

In 1937, he (with ) received the for Physics for this discovery.

Stem Pathway Ke

10/09/2025

In 17th century, an Italian physicist first noted the wave nature of light and further established this nature of light. In 1704, Sir first noted and established the nature of light. After that many scientists further developed these two different natures of light but in 1922-23, an American man made a sensational discovery that led physicists to deduce that objects once thought to be particles can behave like waves and objects once thought to be waves can behave like particles. That American man is our first "scientist of the day" today. (Today we have two articles)

It's the birthday of , the man who discovered that light can behave as a particle as well as a wave - - -

(Scientist of the Day - 10 September)

Compton shared the in Physics in 1927 (with C.T.R. Wilson) for his 1922-23 discovery of the Compton effect (or Compton scattering). This effect is caused by the transfer of energy from a to an . This discovery confirmed the of electromagnetic radiation as both a and a .

It was a sensational discovery at the time: the wave nature of light had been well-demonstrated, but the idea that light had both wave and particle properties was not easily accepted.

His work as explained by the official website of the Nobel prize :-
According to 's theory, light consists of quanta, "packages" with definite energies corresponding to certain frequencies. A light quantum is called a photon. When Arthur Compton directed X-ray photons onto a metal surface in 1922, electrons were emancipated and the X-rays' wavelength increased because some of the incident photon energy was transferred to the electrons. The experiment confirmed that electromagnetic radiation could also be described as photon particles following the laws of mechanics.

During World War II, Compton was a key figure in the that developed the first nuclear weapons.

Stem Pathway Ke

09/09/2025

During a random experiment on November 6, 1787, an Italian man discovered that a frog muscle could be made to contract by placing an iron wire to the muscle and a copper wire to the nerve. This experiment belongs more to legend than to the history of science and played a historical role in bioelectricity. That Italian man is our "scientist of the day" today.

It's the birthday of , the man who laid the foundation of a new science, electrophysiology - - -

(Scientist of the Day - 9 September)

Galvani conducted different set of experiments to study the effects of lightning on severed limbs of various kinds of animals.

In an experiment, he observed how frog muscles twitched when they were touched by metal contacts but he wrongly attributed this to innate electricity (the current was actually produced by the metal contacts). This was disputed by who, in the course of this argument, invented his electrochemical . The two scientists disagreed respectfully and Volta coined the term for a direct current of electricity produced by chemical action.

The is named after him.

Stem Pathway Ke

25/04/2025