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Seek knowledge, Okinni, Osogbo (2025)

17/10/2025

THE JOURNEY OF A PHONE CALL

Episode 6: When the Call Ends — What Happens After You Hang Up

You just finished your call and pressed “End.”
Behind that simple red button, your network still has a little work to do.

Let’s peek at what really happens the moment you hit that red button 👇

Step 1: The Goodbye Signal

When you hit “End Call,” your phone sends a disconnect signal to the nearest cell tower.
That tower quickly tells the switching center (the network’s traffic controller) that the call is over.

It’s like saying, “We’re done talking, you can clear the road now.”

Step 2: Releasing the Highway

During your call, a special pathway (called a channel) was reserved just for your conversation.
Once the call ends, that pathway is freed up so another caller can use it.
This happens in milliseconds, your network is constantly cleaning and reusing these invisible “roads.”

Step 3: The Paperwork — Call Detail Record (CDR)

Now comes the paperwork moment
The network creates a Call Detail Record (CDR). A digital receipt that contains:

Your number and the receiver’s number

The start and end time of the call

How long the call lasted

The cell towers involved

This record is stored securely by your network (not on your phone).

Step 4: Billing Time

Your call duration (from the CDR) is sent to the billing system, which calculates the cost
per second or per minute depending on your plan.
That’s how your airtime balance reduces or your bill increases.

Step 5: The Final Cleanup

Finally, the network removes temporary data like your reserved channel and call routing info.
Everything resets and gets ready for your next call.

You hang up ➜ Tower says goodbye ➜ Channel released ➜ Call logged ➜ You get billed ➜ System resets.
All in under a second.

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09/10/2025

THE JOURNEY OF A PHONE CALL

EPISODE 5 – How Your Phone Finds You When Someone Calls

Every few seconds or minutes (or when you move around), it sends a small “update” signal to nearby cell towers saying:

“Hey, I’m now in this area.”

This is called location updating.

Your SIM card is like your phone's ID card in the mobile world.
It carries a special code called IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity). A unique number that represents you on your network.

Your phone’s identity and location are stored in two big databases:

HLR (Home Location Register): Think of this as your permanent address — your main phone information.

VLR (Visitor Location Register): This is your temporary address — where you are right now.
Whenever you move to a new location, your phone updates the network, and the VLR is refreshed with your new area.

Here's what happens when someone calls you

The call request goes to your HLR, which checks your details.

The HLR looks into your VLR to find your latest registered area.

The network then contacts the nearest cell tower in that area.

That tower sends a quick message to your phone: “Incoming call!”

The moment your phone answers that signal - boom! — it starts ringing.

Stay tuned for Episode 6

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06/10/2025

THE JOURNEY OF A PHONE CALL

EPISODE 4
How Calls Travel through the oceans?

When you make an international call, that is, calling someone outside your country or continent, your voice is actually traveling through a massive network of fiber optic cables that are lying on the bottom of the sea.

How 🤔??

1. The Voice Turns into Light: Your phone call starts as digital data (1s and 0s). Once it hits the coast, it’s instantly converted into pulses of laser light at a special building called a cable landing station.
2. The Cable's Core:That light shoots through thin strands of glass fiber inside a cable. The cable itself is surprisingly small about the size of a garden hose but it’s wrapped in layers of plastic, steel, and copper to protect it from the crushing pressure and the environment down below.
3. The Power Boost: Since light fades over thousands of miles, the cable has periodic amplifiers (or repeaters) built into it. So, every 40-80 kilometers along the cable, there are these amazing amplifiers. It's like a flashlight shining across the dark ocean, constantly being passed to the next, stronger flashlight.
4. The Final Sprint: The light travels thousands of miles across the deep trenches of the ocean floor, until it reaches the other side. There, another landing station converts the light pulses back into a usable electronic signal, and the phone company routes the call to your friend's house or mobile phone.

Stay tuned for Episode 5 – How Your Phone Finds You When Someone Calls

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04/10/2025

THE JOURNEY OF A PHONE CALL

EPISODE 3
How does your call finds the right phone?

When you speak your voice just not zoom off randomly. It turns to digital signal(racing car). It first drives to the nearest cell tower( those tall masts with atennas). Think of cell towers as the referees and gatekeepers.
They grab your speeding signals and making sure your calls doesn't slam with your neighbour's call, keeping the airway safe and orderly. Without towers, your signal would be nothing but a confused whisper lost in the wind.

The traffic controllers

Your race car needs a map and a destination, and that’s the job of the switching centers.
The switching center is the ultimate traffic controller. It scans the only personal detail on your signal the receiver's phone number and with the speed of light, it thinks. " This one is heading to Abuja, not Port Harcourt." It then instantly stitches together the perfect route, connecting your call across a dizzying spiderweb of cables, towers, and even satellites.

The Final Delivery

Your voice-car jumps from route to route, getting closer and closer until it lands at the very last cell tower;the one standing guard nearest your friend's exact location. This final tower acts like the welcoming party, the town crier shouting, "It's here. The signal has arrived" It waves the flag and gives the signal its final nudge, delivering it straight into your receiver's phone.

Turning back into voice

Inside the receiver's phone, the speaker acts like a tiny, sensitive drum skin. It takes the digital signal—that high-speed race car of information—and uses it to perfectly push and pull the air around it.
This movement recreates the sound waves you made when you first said "Hello." The receiver hears your voice, perfectly pitched and timed, as if you were right there beside them.

All of this happens in a blink of an eye. Isn't that amazing 😍

Stay tuned for Episode 4: How Calls Travel Under the Ocean

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02/10/2025

THE JOURNEY OF A PHONE CALL

Episode 2

How does my voice travels through a phone call?

Your voice starts in your throat. When air from your lungs passes through your vocal cords, they vibrate like guitar strings.
That vibration moves the air around you in little ripples called sound waves. That’s what your phone hears.

Let's use a racing as an analogy to explain better.

1. Your Voice Becomes a Digital Race Car

The moment you say "Hello" your voice creates sound vibrations just like the rumble of a car engine starting up.

The Microphone's Job: Your phone's tiny microphone(those small holes at the bottom) acts as a translator. It grabs those sound vibrations and instantly changes them into a special language that computers understand.
The Digital Signal: This new language is a stream of tiny electronic signals, which we call a digital signal (made up of 1s and 0s). This digital signal is our racing car.

2. Hitting the Track at Lightning Speed

Once your voice is a digital racing car, it has to get moving.

Speed: It leaves your phone at almost the speed of light.

The Track: Instead of driving on normal roads, this car zooms along a giant, invisible track made of different pieces:
Cell Towers (BTS): These tall towers catch the signal and send it along.
Underground Cables: Sometimes the signal drives through cables buried deep under the ground.
Satellites:For very long-distance calls (like calling another country), the signal might even be bounced up to a satellite in space and back down.

3. Quick Pit Stops for Direction
The racing car doesn't just zoom blindly; it needs directions.

Network Stations: Along its journey, it makes very quick stops at network stations (like the central office for your phone company). These are like quick pit stops.
Guiding the Car: At these pit stops, special computers read the car's destination address and make sure it stays on the right path toward its finish line.

4. Crossing the Finish Line

Finally, the digital racing car arrives at your recipient's phone.

The Transformation: The receiver's Phone knows how to read that secret digital language (the 1s and 0s). It quickly transforms the racing car back into the original sound vibrations.
The Speaker: The sound is pushed out through the speaker on their phone, and what they hear is your exact voice saying, "Hello".

Stay tuned for Episode 3: How Does Your Call Find the Right Phone?

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01/10/2025

THE JOURNEY OF A PHONE CALL

Episode 1

Pre-Call: Registering Your Location

Even when your phone is idle, it is constantly in a low-power communication state with the network.

The Processes

1. Registration: pinging the Nearest Tower When you turn on your phone, it connects to the strongest nearby cell tower (Base Transceiver Station or BTS) and sends a request to register.
2. Authentication SIM/IMSI Check: The network verifies your phone's identity using the unique information stored on your SIM card (the IMSI, or International Mobile Subscriber Identity).
3. Location Update HLR/VLR Database Your phone's location is recorded in a massive database: the Home Location Register (HLR) holds your permanent data, and the Visitor Location Register (VLR)tracks your temporary location within a specific geographic area (called a Location Area Code or LAC). This is how the network knows which general area to find you in.

How does my voice travels through a phone??

Stay in tune for the next Episode; Episode 2

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30/09/2025

Happy New Month, Seek Knowledge Family

This month, I’m bringing something exciting your way: an episodic knowledge series called
“The Journey of a Phone Call”
When I was much younger I wondered how on earth does my voice travel to another person’s phone? 🤔📞

We will unravel this mystery together.First Episode drops soon. Stay tuned, and let’s go on this knowledge ride together.

16/09/2025

What is a Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN)?

Think of a TIN as your unique identity card for all tax-related matters in Nigeria. It's a special 12-digit number assigned by the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) to individuals and businesses. It helps the government track tax payments and ensures you're a recognized and compliant taxpayer.

⚠️Obtaining a TIN is completely FREE. Don't pay anybody money to register.

There are two main types of TINs, and the process differs slightly for each.

How to Get a TIN for an Individual

This is for anyone who earns an income, whether from a salary, a small business, freelancing, or investments.

What you will need (the documents)
Your Bank Verification Number (BVN)
Your National Identification Number (NIN)
Your registered phone number and a valid email address.

How to register for a TIN online(Individual)

1. Visit the Official Portal:The easiest way is to use the Joint Tax Board (JTB) portal. On Google, search "tin registration portal". The link is in the comment section.
2. Click "Register for TIN (Individual)".
3. Fill in Your Details: Enter your BVN or NIN. The system is designed to automatically fetch your information from the national database.
4. Complete the Form: Fill in the rest of your personal information, like your name, date of birth, and contact details.
5. Submit and Get Your TIN:Once you submit the form, the system will process your application. Your TIN will be generated and either displayed on the screen or sent to the email address you provided.
Approved applications generally get a TIN certificate to the provided email within 24–72 hours (timing may vary).
Download & save the certificate

Save the PDF, and keep copies for your bank and tax records. You can verify TIN on FIRS/JTB verification tools.

Part 2: How to Get a TIN (Business)

This process is for registered companies (e.g., Limited Liability, Business Name, etc.).

What you will need
Your business must first be officially registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC).
The business's CAC Certificate of Incorporation or Business Name Registration.
The business's Memorandum and Articles of Association(for limited liability companies).
A valid form of ID for the company's directors (e.g., NIN, BVN, or international passport).

For most new businesses registered with the CAC, the process is now automatic.

1. Register with the CAC: Complete your business registration with the Corporate Affairs Commission.
2. Automatic TIN Generation:The CAC and FIRS have a system that automatically generates a unique TIN for your company once your registration is complete.
3. Verify and Print:You can check and print your TIN certificate directly from the FIRS TIN Verification portal by using your company's CAC registration number.

What if it's not generated automatically?

If for any reason your TIN isn't automatically generated, you can follow these steps:
1. Visit the Nearest FIRS Office:Go to the FIRS office closest to your business location.
2. Submit Required Documents: Bring the documents listed above, along with a formal letter of application on your company's letterhead.
3. Await Approval:The FIRS will verify your documents and assign a TIN to your business.

Make sure all the information you provide (especially your BVN, NIN, and email) is correct to avoid any delays.
Keep Your TIN Safe: Your TIN is a permanent, unique number. Store it safely and use it for all your tax and financial transactions.

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10/09/2025

Did You Know Some Animals Have More Than One Heart?

Most of us go through life with just one heart, but nature is far more creative. Some creatures out there are walking (or swimming) with three, four, even five hearts.

Octopus (3 Hearts)
An octopus has 3 hearts : two for pumping blood through the gills and one for the rest of the body. No wonder they prefer crawling.

Squid (3 Hearts)
Fast and furious of the ocean. Squids use jet propulsion to move quickly, and their 3 hearts keep them oxygen-fueled for high-speed escapes. Their nerves are so big that scientists study them to understand our own brains.

Hagfish (4 Hearts)
Not the prettiest creature, but definitely one of the toughest. Hagfish have 4 hearts and a unique defense: they release buckets of slime to choke predators. Believe it or not, scientists are studying their slime to create future body armor.

Earthworm (5 Hearts)
The silent workers of the soil. Earthworms have 5 aortic arches (like hearts) that keep their simple bodies going. Without them, farming would collapse they recycle soil and give plants nutrients to grow.

Which of these animals surprised you the most?

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08/09/2025

“An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.” – Benjamin Franklin
Knowledge is the kind of wealth no one can steal, and it pays dividends for life.
When you choose to learn something new, you’re not just filling your mind, you’re securing your future.
Imagine planting a seed today. 🌱 With care, it grows into a tree that feeds you for a lifetime.
That’s what learning does. Each lesson is a seed, and over time, it becomes your greatest source of strength and opportunity.

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05/09/2025

How pigeons carried secret messages during wars and in ancient times? Turns out, it’s not magic but amazing science and instinct. From magnetic fields to the sun’s position, homing pigeons always found their way back home.

25/08/2025

You might have been hearing Web 3 all-round but did not understand. What is even Web 3? If there is Web 3 is there Web 1 or Web 2?
Read to the end to learn on Web or Internet evolution.

The web has gone through different stages of evolution. These stages are often described as Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0. Let’s break them down with simple explanations and everyday analogies.

Web 1.0: The Read-Only Web

In the early days of the internet (1990s–early 2000s), websites were mostly static. They looked like digital billboards — you could read information but not interact with it.

Analogy 1: The Library

Imagine walking into a library. You can take a book off the shelf and read it, but you can’t write in it or talk back to the author. That’s Web 1.0 — purely read-only.

Web 2.0: The Read-and-Write Web

Starting in the 2000s, the internet became interactive. This was the rise of social media, blogs, YouTube, online shopping, and user-generated content. Now people could post, comment, share, and collaborate online.

Analogy 2: The Classroom Discussion

Think of a classroom where the teacher starts a topic, but students can join in, ask questions, and even argue. The difference is, in Web 2.0, the “teacher” is still in charge. Big tech companies like Facebook, Google, and YouTube own the platforms and control the rules.

Web 3.0: The Read, Write, and Own Web

Now we’re entering Web 3.0, powered by blockchain technology. This stage focuses on ownership and decentralization. Instead of tech giants controlling everything, users can own their data, digital identities, and even digital assets.

Analogy 3: The Community Co-op

Imagine a neighborhood store owned by all the members. Everyone can buy, sell, and also share in the profits. No single boss dictates the rules. That’s Web 3.0. You not only use the web, you own part of it.

Web 1.0 gave us information.

Web 2.0 gave us interaction.

Web 3.0 is giving us ownership.

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