
01/09/2025
*Nigeria: A Country Without a Nation*
*By Ebony Nwuke-Ibe*
We sing the anthem together, but we do not always share the same dream. At stadiums and school assemblies, the words roll easily off our tongues: “Though tribe and tongue may differ, in brotherhood we stand…” Yet beneath that harmony, we carry different memories, loyalties, and histories. Nigeria is a country, but it is still struggling to become a nation.
Before colonial ships docked, before the Union Jack flew over our skies, there was no “Nigeria.” There were empires and kingdoms: the Sokoto Caliphate, the Oyo Empire, the Benin Kingdom, the Igbo kinship democracies. Each had its gods, its languages, its rhythm of life. Then, in 1914, Britain fused north and south into a single colony. It was not the result of negotiation among the people, but an administrative convenience meant to ease governance and trade. Lord Lugard drew a line on a map and called it one country. The people within it were never consulted. That silence at birth continues to shape us more than a century later.
Independence in 1960 brought flags, parades, and fireworks. But what we celebrated as freedom was, in truth, a transition, not a transformation. The colonial structures; political, military, and economic intact. Power passed into the hands of a small elite, not through the voice of the people, but through arrangements that mirrored the colonial order. Our anthem changed, but our divisions deepened. By 1967, the Biafran War exposed the fragility of our unity, costing over a million lives. Nigeria remained one country, but a fractured one.
Even today, our 1999 Constitution begins with the words: “We the people of the Federal Republic of Nigeria…” But Nigerians never directly wrote or voted for it. It was produced under military rule and handed down as law. This is why debates on “restructuring,” “federal character,” and “power rotation” remain constant. They are not just political strategies. They are attempts to patch a foundation never openly discussed or agreed upon.
Nigeria was not born of indigenous consensus but of colonial decision. The boundaries that now define us were drawn by foreign hands, not by dialogue among our ancestors. That is why loyalty bends first to tribe, region, or religion before it stretches toward the fragile idea of a nation. We were Ijaw before Nigerian, Yoruba, before Nigerian, Fulani before Nigerian, Igbo before Nigerian. In moments of crisis, it is easier to retreat to ethnic identity than to stand as one people.
Our politics reflects this reality. Unwritten formulas of power-sharing; north and south, Christian and Muslim, majority and minority, have kept us from collapse, but they are patches, not foundations. In the shadows, whispers of secession remain constant, from Biafra to Oduduwa, from Arewa dreams to Niger Delta grievances. A nation is not truly one until its people choose to be, and Nigeria has not yet asked its people to choose. Naming this truth is not disloyalty; it is honesty. Silence will not resolve it.
Nigeria is at once miracle and mirage. Miracles, because despite civil war, coups, dictatorship, and corruption, the country still stands. Mirage, because what stands is often a structure of necessity, not yet a nation forged by shared conviction. We excel abroad but stumble at home. Our anthem is recited more than it is believed. Our green-white-green is waved, but not always revered.
A nation is not just geography; it is shared imagination. America was founded on liberty. Ghana is anchored on Pan-African pride. Rwanda rebuilt on reconciliation after genocide. Nigeria, by contrast, has never fully confronted the fundamental question: Do we want to be one people? Until we ask and answer sincerely, we will keep patching cracks instead of laying new foundations.
It is not too late. A country without a nation can still become a true nation without losing its country. The journey is difficult, yes, but it is not impossible. What it requires is not another slogan on billboards but the courage of genuine constitutional dialogue. A gathering where every group sits not as subordinate but as equal. It requires leadership that chooses truth over empty promises, leaders who know that fragile unions can not be held by fear or force, but only by fairness. And it requires citizens willing to place the collective we above the corrosive pull of us versus them.
If these conditions are met, perhaps one day, the words of our anthem will carry a new weight. When we rise to sing, “Nigerians all are proud to serve, our sovereign Motherland,” it will not be a chant of endurance or survival, but a declaration of belonging. A song of a people who have finally chosen each other.
Nigeria is a country still searching for its nationhood. But our story is not finished. And maybe, just maybe, the greatest generation of Nigerians is not those who fought for independence, nor those who endured the civil war, but those who will answer the question our forefathers never asked...What does it mean to be Nigerian?