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13/07/2023

The Kingdom Animalia is a diverse group that consists of numerous phyla and subphyla.

1. Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
- Example: Bath sponge

2. Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
- Subphylum Medusozoa (Jellyfish, Hydroids)
- Example: Moon jellyfish
- Subphylum Anthozoa (Corals, Sea anemones)
- Example: Great Barrier Reef coral

3. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
- Example: Planaria

4. Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)
- Example: Ascaris

5. Phylum Annelida (Segmented worms)
- Subphylum Polychaeta (Marine worms)
- Example: Christmas tree worm
- Subphylum Clitellata (Earthworms, leeches)
- Example: Earthworm

6. Phylum Mollusca (Mollusks)
- Class Gastropoda (Snails, slugs)
- Example: Garden snail
- Class Bivalvia (Clams, mussels)
- Example: Blue mussel
- Class Cephalopoda (Squid, octopus)
- Example: Common octopus

7. Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)
- Subphylum Chelicerata (Spiders, scorpions)
- Example: Black widow spider
- Subphylum Myriapoda (Millipedes, centipedes)
- Example: House centipede
- Subphylum Crustacea (Crabs, lobsters)
- Example: Red king crab
- Subphylum Hexapoda (Insects)
- Example: Honey bee

8. Phylum Echinodermata (Echinoderms)
- Example: Starfish

9. Phylum Chordata (Chordates)
- Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates)
- Example: Sea sq**rt
- Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets)
- Example: Amphioxus
- Subphylum Vertebrata (Vertebrates)
- Class Agnatha (Jawless fish)
- Example: Lamprey
- Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fish)
- Example: Great white shark
- Class Osteichthyes (Bony fish)
- Example: Goldfish
- Class Amphibia (Amphibians)
- Example: Red-eyed tree frog
- Class Reptilia (Reptiles)
- Example: Green iguana
- Class Aves (Birds)
- Example: Bald eagle
-Class Mammalia (Mammals)
-Example: Human

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development describes the sequential stages of cognitive development that individuals ...
10/07/2023

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development describes the sequential stages of cognitive development that individuals go through from infancy to adulthood. According to Piaget, cognitive development is a process of adaptation through which children actively construct their understanding of the world. Piaget's theory includes four main stages, each characterized by distinct cognitive abilities and qualitative changes in thinking. Here are the stages with their respective substages:

1. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years):
a. Reflexive Schemes (Birth to 1 month): Infants respond reflexively to sensory stimuli.
b. Primary Circular Reactions (1 to 4 months): Infants repeat actions that have pleasant or interesting effects on their own bodies.
c. Secondary Circular Reactions (4 to 8 months): Infants begin to repeat actions that have interesting effects on the environment.
d. Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8 to 12 months): Infants start to combine different actions to achieve goals.
e. Tertiary Circular Reactions (12 to 18 months): Infants actively explore the properties of objects through trial and error.
f. Mental Representations (18 to 24 months): Infants can use mental representations to solve simple problems.

2. Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years):
a. Symbolic Function Substage (2 to 4 years): Children develop the ability to use symbols, such as language and mental imagery, to represent objects and events.
b. Intuitive Thought Substage (4 to 7 years): Children start to engage in intuitive reasoning, but their thinking is still limited by egocentrism and lack of conservation.

3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years):
a. Conservation Substage (7 to 11 years): Children acquire the ability to understand conservation, classification, and other concrete logical operations.
b. Seriation Substage (7 to 11 years): Children can arrange objects in a logical series based on a specific dimension.

4. Formal Operational Stage (11 years and onward):
a. Abstract Reasoning Substage (11 years and onward): Adolescents can think abstractly, form hypotheses, and engage in deductive reasoning.
b. Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning Substage (11 years and onward): Adolescents can think systematically about multiple variables and use scientific reasoning.

Earth Different concepts 2
08/07/2023

Earth Different concepts 2

Earth Science different concepts 1
08/07/2023

Earth Science different concepts 1

Different concepts in Life Science
08/07/2023

Different concepts in Life Science

Different Physical Science concepts
08/07/2023

Different Physical Science concepts

Different Biology concepts 2
08/07/2023

Different Biology concepts 2

Different Biology concepts 1
08/07/2023

Different Biology concepts 1

Different Concepts in Chemistry
08/07/2023

Different Concepts in Chemistry

02/07/2023

Science Major TOS

Biological Science- General Biology

Physical Science - Earth Science

02/07/2023

Some of the major subtopics within Earth science:

1. Geology: The study of the Earth's solid materials, including rocks, minerals, and the processes that shape the Earth's structure and history. Subfields within geology include:

- Petrology: The study of rocks and their origins.
- Mineralogy: The study of minerals and their properties.
- Structural geology: The study of the deformation of rocks and the forces that cause it.
- Sedimentology: The study of sedimentary rocks and the processes involved in their formation.
- Volcanology: The study of volcanoes and volcanic activity.
- Stratigraphy: The study of rock layers and their chronological sequence.
- Tectonics: The study of the Earth's large-scale structure and the processes driving plate motions.

2. Geophysics: The study of the physical properties and processes of the Earth. Subfields within geophysics include:

- Seismology: The study of earthquakes and seismic waves.
- Geodesy: The measurement and monitoring of the Earth's shape, gravity, and rotation.
- Geomagnetism: The study of the Earth's magnetic field.
- Gravimetry: The measurement of the Earth's gravitational field.
- Geothermal energy: The study of heat transfer and energy extraction from the Earth's interior.

3. Atmospheric Science: The study of the Earth's atmosphere, weather, and climate. Subfields within atmospheric science include:

- Meteorology: The study of weather patterns and atmospheric phenomena.
- Climatology: The study of long-term weather patterns and climate change.
- Atmospheric chemistry: The study of chemical composition and processes in the atmosphere.
- Atmospheric physics: The study of the physical properties and behavior of the atmosphere.

4. Oceanography: The study of the Earth's oceans, including their physical and biological characteristics. Subfields within oceanography include:

- Physical oceanography: The study of ocean currents, waves, and tides.
- Biological oceanography: The study of marine life and ecosystems.
- Chemical oceanography: The study of chemical composition and processes in the oceans.
- Geological oceanography: The study of the ocean floor and its geological features.

5. Environmental Science: The study of the interactions between humans and the environment, including the impact of human activities on the Earth's systems. Subfields within environmental science include:

- Environmental chemistry: The study of chemical pollutants and their effects on ecosystems.
- Environmental geology: The study of the geological aspects of environmental issues, such as land degradation and contamination.
- Environmental hydrology: The study of water resources and their management.
- Environmental policy: The study of laws, regulations, and policies related to environmental protection and sustainability.

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