MJ Pharmaa, Bandi Gopalpur (2026)

27/09/2025

Major Hormones and Their Functions – Simplified Guide for Healthcare Professionals 🌟

Hormones are chemical messengers that control almost every process in the human body. Understanding them is essential for doctors, nurses, pharmacists, paramedics, and all medical students.

Here’s a breakdown of key hormones and their vital roles:

🔹 Hypothalamus
• Oxytocin: Supports bonding, motherhood, uterine contractions & milk ejection.
• ADH (Vasopressin): Controls water balance by increasing kidney reabsorption.

🔹 Anterior Pituitary
• Growth Hormone: Promotes muscle and bone growth via IGF-1.

🔹 Thyroid Gland
• T3 & T4: Boost metabolism and regulate energy.
• Calcitonin: Lowers calcium levels in blood by acting on bones and kidneys.

🔹 Parathyroid Glands
• Parathyroid Hormone: Raises calcium levels in blood, essential for bone and kidney function.

🔹 Adrenal Cortex
• Cortisol: Increases blood glucose, manages stress & inflammation.
• Aldosterone: Balances sodium and potassium, regulates blood pressure.
• S*x Hormones: Maintain puberty changes and reproductive functions.

🔹 Adrenal Medulla
• Epinephrine & Norepinephrine: “Fight or flight” response – increase heart rate, blood flow, and alertness.

🔹 Pancreas
• Insulin: Reduces blood sugar by promoting uptake into cells.
• Glucagon: Raises blood sugar by stimulating the liver and fat stores.

🔹 Te**es
• Testosterone: Male s*x hormone, regulates male traits and reproductive function.

🔹 Ovaries
• Estrogen & Progesterone: Female s*x hormones, regulate reproduction and secondary s*x characteristics.

👉 This table is a great quick revision tool for healthcare workers and students to recall major hormones, their regulation, and their target functions.

📌 Always remember: Hormonal balance is the cornerstone of health, and understanding these basics helps in diagnosis, treatment, and patient education.

27/09/2025

Repurposing Viruses: From Herpes to Cancer Therapy

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1) is commonly known for causing oral cold sores and, in some cases, ge***al herpes. It is a lifelong infection, with periodic flare-ups due to viral reactivation. Vaccines and antiviral medications like acyclovir are available to reduce outbreaks and transmission, but HSV has long been considered purely harmful.

💡 Repurposing Defined:
Repurposing in medicine means taking an existing drug, virus, or technology originally designed for one purpose, and adapting it for another therapeutic use. In this case, scientists are re-engineering HSV-1 into a powerful tool against cancer.

🧬 How it Works in Cancer:
Researchers have developed engineered strains of HSV (such as RP1 and RP2) to act as oncolytic viruses. These modified viruses are programmed to:
1️⃣ Infiltrate tumors
2️⃣ Replicate inside cancer cells
3️⃣ Cause cancer cells to burst (lysis)
4️⃣ Activate the immune system to attack cancer throughout the body

🌟 Clinical Impact:
• In early trials, about 25% of advanced cancer patients responded to treatment.
• Nearly 1 in 3 melanoma patients saw tumor shrinkage.
• About 1 in 6 patients achieved complete remission.
• Side effects were generally mild, mostly flu-like symptoms.

🚀 With Phase 3 trials underway, this breakthrough represents a new frontier in oncology—where a virus once known for causing disease is now a Trojan horse against cancer.

This is not just science—it’s hope. A virus once feared is now being repurposed as a life-saving therapy.

27/09/2025

Neuropathic Symptoms in the Feet – Causes & Treatments 🔥

Neuropathy refers to damage or dysfunction of peripheral nerves, leading to unusual sensations in the feet. The image highlights 3 classic symptoms:

🔹 1. Burning (Causalgia)
• What it feels like: Constant burning pain, often worse at night.
• Causes: Diabetes (diabetic neuropathy), nerve injury, alcohol abuse, vitamin deficiencies, chemotherapy side effects.
• Treatment:
• Medications: Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Duloxetine, Amitriptyline
• Topical agents: Capsaicin cream, Lidocaine patches
• Addressing root cause (e.g., controlling blood sugar in diabetes).

🔹 2. Tingling (Paresthesia)
• What it feels like: Pins-and-needles or “ants crawling” sensation.
• Causes: Vitamin B12 deficiency, nerve compression (sciatica, herniated disc), multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy.
• Treatment:
• Vitamin supplementation (B12, folate)
• Physiotherapy & exercises to relieve nerve compression
• Medications for nerve pain (Gabapentin, Duloxetine, Carbamazepine).

🔹 3. Numbness (Neuropathy)
• What it feels like: Loss of sensation, heaviness, difficulty balancing.
• Causes: Diabetes, chronic kidney disease, autoimmune disorders, prolonged alcohol use, infections (HIV, shingles).
• Treatment:
• Strict glucose control in diabetics
• Physical therapy to maintain mobility and balance
• Pain control (if painful neuropathy)
• Avoiding risk factors: alcohol, toxins, certain medications.

⚠️ Untreated neuropathy can lead to ulcers, infections, and amputations. Early recognition and management are critical.

📌 Takeaway: Neuropathic symptoms are warning signals of underlying disease. Identifying the cause + early treatment helps prevent long-term complications.

21/09/2025

🌱 Healthy Food = Healthy Life 🌱

Here’s a simple Vitamin Chart to remember how each vitamin supports your body, along with easy mnemonics to lock them in your mind:

🔹 Vitamin A – “A for Awareness” → Normal growth, night vision, healthy skin, anti-infective.
👉 Sources: Egg, Butter, Papaya, Carrot, Milk, Liver, Cabbage

🔹 Vitamin B1 – “B1 for Brain” → Helps growth, appetite, intestinal function, nerves & muscles.
👉 Sources: Peas, Meat, Potato, Soybeans, Milk, Wholegrain cereals

🔹 Vitamin B2 – “B2 for Beauty” → Growth, healthy skin, mouth & eyes.
👉 Sources: Green Vegetables, Custard Apple, Meat, Cheese, Soybeans, Milk

🔹 Vitamin B3 (Niacin) – “B3 for Body fuel” → Carbohydrate metabolism, nervous system.
👉 Sources: Tomato, Potato, Peanut, Banana, Vegetables

🔹 Vitamin B6 – “B6 for Balance” → Amino acid metabolism, resistance, anti-emetic.
👉 Sources: Dry fruits & Nuts, Peas, Pulses, Fish, Meat, Milk

🔹 Vitamin B12 – “B12 builds Blood” → RBC formation, metabolism, healthy nerves.
👉 Sources: Egg, Meat, Liver, Cheese, Milk

🔹 Vitamin C – “C for Care” → Growth, strong gums & teeth, healing, flu resistance.
👉 Sources: Guava, Tomato, Orange, Lemon, Grapes, Amla

🔹 Vitamin D – “D for Dazzling Bones” → Calcium use, bone & teeth formation.
👉 Sources: Egg, Cod-liver oil, Milk, Fish, Sunlight

🔹 Vitamin E – “E for Energy & Egg” → Supports reproduction & cell health.
👉 Sources: Banana, Green Vegetables, Soybeans, Egg, Almond, Wheat germ oil

🔹 Vitamin K – “K for Koagulation” → Blood clotting & liver function.
👉 Sources: Tomato, Soybeans, Spinach, Meat, Turnip, Lettuce

💡 Quick Memory Tip:
👉 “All Brave Boys Can Defend Every Kingdom” = A, B, C, D, E, K

⸻

✨ Eat smart, stay strong, and keep your vitamins balanced naturally from healthy food sources.

19/09/2025

SubhanAllah! The wonders of Allah’s creation never cease to amaze us. Scientists have discovered that wisdom teeth contain special stem cells that can transform into different types of body cells. These cells may hold the key to repairing nerve damage and treating life-changing neurological diseases.

🧠 Parkinson’s Disease – A condition where brain cells that produce dopamine gradually die, leading to tremors, stiffness, and slow movement. Stem cells from wisdom teeth could help regenerate these dopamine-producing neurons, offering hope where current medicines only control symptoms.

🧠 Alzheimer’s Disease – A progressive brain disorder that causes memory loss and confusion. Current treatments only slow down the process but cannot reverse damage. Stem cells may help by repairing damaged neurons and restoring lost connections in the brain, something no drug has achieved so far.

🧠 Stroke – A sudden blockage or bleed in the brain that kills nerve cells within minutes. Recovery is often incomplete, leaving patients with paralysis or speech problems. Stem cells from wisdom teeth could help regenerate brain tissue and promote faster, more effective recovery.

✨ Unlike most conventional treatments that only manage symptoms, stem cells have the power to actually repair and regenerate damaged tissue. This is why researchers are deeply interested in the stem cells found in wisdom teeth—they are easily available, ethically acceptable, and extremely versatile.

🌱 Truly, this is a sign of Allah’s glory, placing healing potential even in the smallest parts of our body, like teeth we often think of as useless. Indeed, He is Ash-Shafi (The Healer). 🦷✨

17/09/2025

🦠💊 Ever wondered about the difference between antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, paraprobiotics, and psychobiotics?
This simple chart breaks it down beautifully!

From killing harmful bacteria to fueling the growth of good gut microbes, each plays a unique role in our health. Whether it’s enhancing gut health, immunity, or even mental well-being, understanding these terms is essential for every healthcare professional.

📌 A must-know for all nurses, pharmacists, physicians, doctors, paramedics, microbiologists, pathologists, radiologists, and medical students—because the future of medicine isn’t just about treating disease, it’s about nurturing health from within.

11/09/2025

🩺 Vital Health Parameters Everyone Should Know!
As healthcare professionals, it’s crucial to stay updated on normal ranges of key clinical values. Here’s a quick cheat sheet 📖👇

✅ Blood Pressure: 120/80
✅ Pulse: 70–100
✅ Temperature: 36.8–37 °C
✅ Breathing: 12–16/min
✅ Hemoglobin: Male 13–18 g/dL, Female 11.5–16 g/dL
✅ Cholesterol: 130–200 mg/dL
✅ Potassium: 3.5–5 mmol/L
✅ Sodium: 135–145 mmol/L
✅ Triglycerides: ≤220 mg/dL
✅ Blood Volume: 5–6 L
✅ Blood Sugar: Children 70–130, Adults 70–115 mg/dL
✅ WBC: 4,000–11,000
✅ Platelets: 150,000–400,000
✅ RBC: 4.6–6 million/µL
✅ Calcium: 8.6–10.3 mg/dL
✅ Vitamin D3: 20–50 ng/mL
✅ Vitamin B12: 200–900 pg/mL

📌 Perfect for medical students, nurses, pharmacists, and doctors revising for exams or refreshing clinical practice knowledge.

👉 Save this post for quick reference and share it with your colleagues in healthcare!

11/09/2025

🩺 Loss of Something = Medical Terminology 📖
As healthcare professionals, it’s essential to understand and use the correct medical terms. Here’s a quick refresher on conditions describing different types of “loss.”
• Loss of Memory → Amnesia
• Loss of Appetite → Anorexia
• Loss of Hair → Alopecia
• Loss of Taste → Ageusia
• Loss of Smell → Anosmia
• Loss of Sleep → Insomnia
• Loss of Sensitivity → Hypoesthesia

✅ Perfect revision for medical students, doctors, nurses, and pharmacists preparing for exams or refreshing clinical knowledge.

👉 Which one do you see most often in your practice?

09/09/2025

👅 Clinical Insight: What the Color of the Tongue Says About Health

The color of the tongue can offer important clues about a person’s overall health, especially in clinical diagnosis. Here’s a quick guide:

🔴 1. Bright Red Tongue
• Possible Causes:
• Vitamin B12, folate, or iron deficiency (smooth, beefy tongue)
• Kawasaki disease (in children)
• Scarlet fever
• Fever or infection
• Clinical Insight: Consider checking CBC, iron studies, and vitamin levels.

⚪ 2. Pale Tongue
• Possible Causes:
• Anemia
• Poor circulation
• Nutritional deficiencies
• Clinical Insight: Evaluate for iron-deficiency anemia or chronic illness.

🔵 3. Bluish or Purplish Tongue
• Possible Causes:
• Cyanosis (poor oxygenation)
• Heart or lung disease
• Peripheral vascular issues
• Clinical Insight: Suggests hypoxia — check O₂ saturation, cardiac and respiratory status.

🟡 4. Yellow Coated Tongue
• Possible Causes:
• Poor oral hygiene
• Fungal or bacterial overgrowth
• Jaundice or liver issues
• Clinical Insight: Examine for liver disease, or oral candidiasis.

🟤 5. Brown or Black Tongue
• Possible Causes:
• Black hairy tongue (due to smoking, poor hygiene, antibiotic use)
• Pepto-Bismol use (bismuth)
• Clinical Insight: Usually benign but can be improved with hygiene and stopping irritants.

⚫ 6. Black or Necrotic Tongue
• Possible Causes:
• Tissue death or gangrene
• Severe fungal infection
• Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (rare)
• Clinical Insight: A medical emergency – urgent evaluation needed.

⚠️ Other Tongue Clues (Bonus):
• White patches: Oral thrush, leukoplakia, lichen planus
• Ulcers or sores: Aphthous ulcers, viral infections, cancer
• Geographic tongue: Harmless condition, shifting red patches
• Dry tongue: Dehydration, Sjogren’s syndrome

✅ Takeaway for Clinicians:

The tongue can speak even when the patient doesn’t.
Inspect it carefully — it may tell you what bloodwork will later

09/09/2025

🧑‍⚕️ Certain facial appearances can be characteristic of specific diseases 👀
✨ Examples include:
😴 Puffy face → Hypothyroidism
🌙 Moon face → Cushing’s syndrome
😦 Mask-like face → Parkinson’s disease
😲 Butterfly rash → Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
🥴 Acromegalic face → Acromegaly
📌 A face can tell more than words – always look for clinical clues 🩺

26/08/2025

Under what circumstances should these medications be withheld? Digoxin Beta Blockers Furosemide Warfarin Losinopril Insulin Morphine Metformin Nitroglycerin Heparin

MJ Pharmaa

27/09/2025

27/09/2025

27/09/2025

21/09/2025

19/09/2025

17/09/2025

11/09/2025

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26/08/2025

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