05/09/2025
𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐂𝐚𝐧 𝐀𝐈 𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐍𝐞𝐮𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐃𝐨? 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐈𝐭 𝐃𝐨?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping medicine, and clinical neuroscience is one of the areas where its potential is most striking. The complexity of the human brain makes it both a challenge and an opportunity for AI-driven approaches. To understand its role, we must ask not only what AI can do but also what it should do.
𝑾𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝑰 𝑪𝒂𝒏 𝑫𝒐
AI has already proven valuable in diagnosis and prediction. Machine learning models applied to MRI, CT, and PET scans can detect subtle abnormalities that escape human observers, improving the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders (Borchert, 2023; Rudroff et al., 2024). Similarly, studies classify AI applications in neuroimaging into four main categories: detection/diagnosis, prediction, image quality enhancement, and workflow efficiency (Choi, 2022).
AI also supports personalized treatment. By integrating imaging, clinical, and genetic data, it can suggest tailored therapies, for example in epilepsy or Parkinson’s disease (Bösel, 2025; Beheshti, 2025). In rehabilitation, brain–computer interfaces and neuroprosthetics powered by AI restore some degree of motor function after injury, while wearable devices allow remote monitoring of patients (Onciul, 2025).
In research, AI enables the analysis of massive datasets to explore brain connectivity, simulate neural circuits, and identify new therapeutic targets (Badrulhisham, 2024; Tekin, 2025). As Surianarayanan (2023) notes, AI and neuroscience are mutually reinforcing: neuroscience inspires new AI methods, while AI helps decode neural processes.
𝑾𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝑰 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝑫𝒐
Despite its technical power, AI in clinical neuroscience must be guided by ethical and practical considerations. As Ganapathy (2018) stresses, AI should not replace the clinician but act as a support tool, preserving the central role of medical expertise. Transparency is also essential: interpretable AI methods are needed so that clinicians and patients can trust the outputs (Munroe et al., 2024).
Another priority is equity of access. Bösel (2025) warns that AI risks widening healthcare inequalities if only advanced hospitals benefit. Protecting privacy and consent is equally vital, given the sensitivity of brain data (Surianarayanan, 2023). Finally, predictions such as early dementia detection are valuable only if linked to human-centered outcomes like improved care and patient autonomy (Rudroff et al., 2024).
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
AI in clinical neuroscience can already advance early diagnosis, enable personalized treatments, support rehabilitation, and accelerate research. But what it should do is ensure fairness, transparency, and patient-centeredness. If implemented responsibly, AI has the potential to become one of the most powerful allies in understanding and healing the human brain.
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔
Badrulhisham, F. (2024). Machine learning and artificial intelligence in neuroscience. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry.
Beheshti, I. (2025). Advances of artificial intelligence in neuroimaging. Journal of Neuroscience Research.
Bösel, J. (2025). AI and Neurology. Neurology Research and Practice.
Borchert, R. J. (2023). Artificial intelligence for diagnostic and prognostic neuroimaging in neurodegenerative disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia.
Choi, K. S. (2022). Artificial intelligence in neuroimaging: Clinical applications. Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Ganapathy, K. (2018). Artificial intelligence in neurosciences: A clinician’s perspective. Neurology India.
Munroe, L., et al. (2024). Applications of interpretable deep learning in neuroimaging. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.17792.
Onciul, R. (2025). Artificial intelligence and neuroscience: Transformative applications. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(2), 550.
Rudroff, T., Rainio, O., & Klén, R. (2024). AI for prediction of early stages of Alzheimer’s disease from neuroimaging biomarkers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.17822.
Surianarayanan, C. (2023). Convergence of artificial intelligence and neuroscience. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience.
Tekin, U. (2025). A bibliometric analysis of studies on artificial intelligence in neurosciences. Frontiers in Neurology.