16/08/2025
In Histotechnology, staining is one of the most critical steps because it enhances tissue contrast, making microscopic structures visible and distinguishable. Since most biological tissues are nearly transparent under the light microscope, staining provides color and specificity.
Here’s a structured overview:
🔹 1. Purpose of Staining
To differentiate cellular and tissue components.
To highlight specific structures (nucleus, cytoplasm, fibers, microorganisms, etc.).
To assist in diagnosis by pathologists.
🔹 2. Types of Stains in Histotechnology
A. Routine Stains
Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E):
Most common stain (“routine stain”).
Hematoxylin: stains nuclei blue/purple.
Eosin: stains cytoplasm, muscle, collagen pink/red.
B. Special Stains
Used to identify particular tissue components. Examples:
Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS): glycogen, mucin, basement membrane.
Masson’s Trichrome: connective tissue vs. muscle.
Silver Stains (Reticulin, Gomori, Jones): reticular fibers, fungi, basement membrane.
Congo Red: amyloid (shows apple-green birefringence under polarized light).
Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN): acid-fast bacteria (e.g., Mycobacterium).
C. Histochemical Stains
Based on chemical reactions within tissue.
Examples:
Prussian Blue: iron.
Sudan Black / Oil Red O: lipids.
Alcian Blue: acidic mucins.
D. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Uses antibodies to detect specific antigens (proteins).
Example: Estrogen receptor (ER) in breast cancer.
E. Fluorescent Stains
Fluorescent-tagged dyes or antibodies viewed under fluorescence microscopy.
Example: DAPI stains DNA (nuclei blue).
🔹 3. General Steps in Staining
Deparaffinization & Hydration (for paraffin sections).
Staining with dyes (single or multiple).
Differentiation (removing excess stain).
Dehydration (through alcohols).
Clearing (xylene or substitute).
Mounting (with coverslip for preservation).
🔹 4. Factors Affecting Staining Quality
Fixation quality.
Thickness of section (usually 3–5 µm for light microscopy).
pH and temperature of stain.
Timing of staining steps.
📌 In short: staining in histotechnology is the art and science of giving life to tissues under the microscope—transforming transparent structures into a vivid map for diagnosis and research.