15/12/2025
CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY DOSSIER
The December 2013 Pogrom Against Nuer Civilians in Juba, South Sudan
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This dossier documents systematic, widespread, and ethnically targeted crimes against humanity committed against Nuer civilians and soldiers in Juba, South Sudan, between 15–18 December 2013.
The evidence demonstrates that:
The violence was planned, coordinated, and executed by state actors.
The attacks were directed against a civilian population on ethnic grounds.
The acts included murder, extermination, torture, r**e, enforced disappearance, persecution, and other inhumane acts, as defined under Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC).
Senior political and military leaders knew, ordered, facilitated, or failed to prevent the crimes and later ordered concealment and destruction of evidence.
The events constitute crimes against humanity, and in several respects meet the legal threshold of genocide, subject to judicial determination.
II. LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Applicable Law
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998)
Article 7: Crimes Against Humanity
Article 6: Genocide (relevant considerations)
Customary International Humanitarian Law
UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948)
Elements Satisfied
Widespread or systematic attack
Directed against a civilian population
Knowledge of the attack by perpetrators
State or organizational policy
III. CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND
In December 2013, political tensions within the ruling SPLM escalated into a simulated coup narrative, which was used as a pretext to unleash a violent purge against the Nuer ethnic group, particularly in Juba.
The city was divided into operational sectors, command structures were assigned, and elite units including:
The Presidential Guard (Tiger Battalion)
The President’s private militia (Dutku Beny)
National Security Service (NSS)
Regular SPLA units
were mobilized for coordinated operations.
IV. COMMAND STRUCTURE AND RESPONSIBILITY
Senior-Level Responsibility (Indicative)
President Salva Kiir Mayardit – Commander-in-Chief
Gen. Paul Malong Awan – Chief operational coordinator
Gen. Garang Mabil – Sector command
Gen. Bol Akot – Sector command
Gen. Marial Chanoung – Head of Presidential Guard
Gen. Salva Mathok – Command over Dutku Beny units
These individuals exercised effective control, issued orders, and oversaw operations whose criminal nature was known or should have been known.
V. MODUS OPERANDI (PATTERN OF CRIMINAL CONDUCT)
1. Identification and Targeting
Roadblocks were established across Juba.
Individuals were screened by language, names, facial scarification, and ethnicity.
Nuer civilians including women, children, elderly, professionals, and MPs were singled out.
2. House-to-House Operations
Entire Nuer neighborhoods (Gudele, Mia Saba, Mangaten, New Site, Amarat, Khor William) were cordoned off.
Soldiers conducted door-to-door raids, executing occupants on the spot.
3. Mass Executions and Detention Killings
Hundreds of Nuer men and boys were detained at:
Gudele Police Station / Joint Operations Centre
Detainees were suffocated, trampled, or shot.
At least 652 detainees were killed in confinement.
4. Sexual Violence
Women were gang-r**ed, sexually mutilated, and murdered.
Sexual violence was accompanied by ethnic humiliation, threats, and forced witnessing by relatives.
5. Use of Heavy Weaponry
Tanks and armored vehicles were deployed against civilian areas.
Houses were flattened with occupants inside.
VI. SCALE AND WIDESPREAD NATURE
Killings occurred simultaneously across multiple sectors.
Operations lasted several days.
Thousands fled to UNMISS PoC sites.
The attack affected entire communities, not isolated individuals.
This satisfies the “widespread” and “systematic” criteria under international law.
VII. ATTEMPTS AT RESISTANCE AND HUMANITARIAN ACTS
A limited number of Dinka civilians:
Hid Nuer families (including infants) in ceilings despite extreme heat.
Used personal influence to block soldiers.
Smuggled Nuer civilians through roadblocks to safety.
These acts, while commendable, underscore the criminality of state forces, as civilians not authorities were protecting lives.
VIII. CONCEALMENT, DESTRUCTION OF EVIDENCE, AND OBSTRUCTION
After international alarm:
Orders were issued to halt overt killings.
A coordinated clean-up operation began.
Methods of Concealment
Bodies dumped into the River Nile, weighted to prevent resurfacing.
Mass graves dug using SPLA Engineering equipment.
Bodies burned with fuel.
Bloodied vehicles transported corpses under military es**rt.
These acts constitute:
Obstruction of justice
Enforced disappearance
Abuse of corpses, an inhumane act under international law
IX. VICTIM PROFILE
Victims included:
Civilians (men, women, children)
Government officials
Soldiers disarmed and detained
Business people
Journalists
Entire families
The victims were targeted solely on ethnic identity, not conduct.
X. LEGAL QUALIFICATION OF CRIMES
Crimes Against Humanity (Article 7)
âś” Murder
âś” Extermination
âś” Torture
âś” R**e and sexual violence
âś” Persecution on ethnic grounds
âś” Enforced disappearance
âś” Other inhumane acts
Genocide (Article 6 – Indicative)
Evidence suggests intent to destroy, in part, the Nuer ethnic group, including:
Targeted killing of group members
Serious bodily and mental harm
Deliberate infliction of destructive conditions
XI. CONCLUSION
The December 2013 events in Juba were not spontaneous clashes, not mutual violence, and not collateral damage.
They were a state-orchestrated pogrom, executed through formal command structures, and followed by systematic efforts to erase evidence.
Impunity for these crimes has entrenched cycles of violence and undermined peace in South Sudan.
XII. RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Independent international investigation with subpoena powers
2. Referral to the International Criminal Court or establishment of a hybrid tribunal
3. Targeted sanctions against named commanders
4. Preservation of mass grave sites
5. Reparations and recognition for victims