12/01/2025
The terms fortepiano and pianoforte early on were used interchangeably for the same instrument, which was an evolution from the harpsichord and clavichord that allowed for a wider range of dynamics. (Fortepiano came first.) Over time, particularly with technological advancements in the mid-19th century, the instrument evolved into the more powerful and resonant modern piano.
The shorter, more common term "piano" was adopted as the name for this modern instrument, while "fortepiano" is now used retrospectively to describe the earlier models made before about 1830.
Fortepiano/Pianoforte (circa 1700-1830)
Invention: Invented around 1700 by Bartolomeo Cristofori in Italy, who was looking for a keyboard instrument that could play both soft (piano) and loud (forte) notes, unlike the harpsichord.
Distinguishing features:
Lighter touch and less sustain compared to modern pianos.
Lower string tension and lighter, leather-covered hammers.
Smaller soundboard and a more limited range of keys (e.g., around 61 notes by Mozart's time).
Usage: The term "fortepiano" or "pianoforte" was used to distinguish it from the harpsichord and clavichord, but the terms were used interchangeably during this period.
Evolution to the modern piano (circa 1830-present)
Key developments: Manufacturers introduced significant changes, including a heavier, cast-iron frame, thicker and higher-tensioned strings, and felt-covered hammers. These changes resulted in a much louder and more resonant instrument.
Expanded capabilities: Composers began exploring the new possibilities of the more powerful and versatile instrument, which influenced musical composition.
Key range expansion: The keyboard expanded to the modern 88 keys to accommodate this new music.