04/13/2025
For decades, the island of Lānaʻi served as the world’s largest pineapple plantation, operated primarily by Dole Food Company. This intensive agricultural monoculture heavily shaped both the land and the local economy, but its environmental consequences have been far-reaching and, in many ways, remain unresolved. The long-term use of pesticides, herbicides, and synthetic fertilizers on the island has left behind a legacy of chemical contamination in the soil, much of which continues to leach into nearby waters through runoff—particularly during periods of heavy rain. These contaminants include persistent organic pollutants such as DDT, as well as herbicides like Atrazine and Diuron, and high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers.
This runoff not only disrupts terrestrial soil health but also severely impacts marine ecosystems, particularly around Lānaʻi’s southern coastline. Nutrient-rich runoff fuels the growth of harmful algae, including Gambierdiscus toxicus, a dinoflagellate responsible for producing ciguatoxins. These toxins accumulate in fish and can cause Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) in humans, leading to serious neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms. Coral reefs, which act as natural barriers and habitats for marine life, are particularly vulnerable to sedimentation and chemical exposure. As reefs degrade and fish populations decline or become toxic, traditional fishing grounds that local families have depended on for generations are compromised.
Though the State of Hawaiʻi has at times placed blame on golf course runoff for contributing to coastal degradation, this narrative appears to ignore a more systemic and historical issue. The lasting environmental damage caused by pineapple over-cultivation—especially the unaddressed legacy chemicals in the soil—is a far more plausible root cause for the recurring presence of ciguatoxins in nearshore waters. Anecdotal and scientific observations have shown increased rates of CFP in areas directly adjacent to former pineapple fields, suggesting a direct link between past agricultural practices and present-day marine toxicity.
Compounding the problem is the recent development of affordable housing near or directly atop former plantation lands, raising serious public health concerns. These housing projects were built without comprehensive public disclosure or investigation into potential soil contamination. If toxic residues like DDT or Atrazine remain in these areas—and evidence suggests they very likely do—then residents could face long-term health risks from both land and sea.
It is time for the people of Lānaʻi, and the broader Hawaiian community, to demand independent environmental testing of former agricultural lands, stormwater runoff pathways, and coastal waters suspected of harboring ciguatoxins. Transparency and accountability are urgently needed, especially as large-scale landowners continue to develop the island without addressing its toxic legacy. Lānaʻi deserves more than silence—it deserves environmental justice, public health protections, and a future grounded in truth and sustainability.
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