12/22/2025
Stoic Philosophy makes virtue absolutely central to ethics. If you want to be happy, tranquil, and free, the Stoics think, you must cultivate virtue. They divide virtue into four main or cardinal virtues, which are prudence, justice, courage, and temperance. Marcus Aurelius references each of these cardinal virtues and a number of the many subordinate virtues that these cardinal virtues encompass.
Marcus makes a number of references to the cardinal virtue of prudence or practical wisdom (phronēsis) and to several subordinate virtues falling within its scope.
He tells us that prudence consists in just actions, and lists prudence among the cardinal virtues. He also in 5.9 suggests that nothing is sweeter than practical wisdom, when toy bear in mind the faculty of knowing and reflecting.
He also uses what might be a synonym of prudence at various points, euphron, which is translated variously as "wise", "sane", or "having discretion, and which he provides a definition of in 10.8 as "apprehensive attention to particulars, the opposite of negligence". This definition suggests it might also be viewed as a subordinate virtue.
Marcus uses the terms for two of the subordinate virtues of prudence that Arius Didymus and Diogenes Laertes say the Stoics identified, namely sunesis (understanding) and eulogistia (circumspection). Arguably the other subordinate virtues can also be found in the Meditations, just denoted by their functions rather than their names.
Marcus also makes a number of references to philosophy, start with noting that he desired it, but didn't fall in with sophists, or get focused on literary problems, syllogisms, or meterology. He also tells us that one role of philosophy is keeping the spirit (daimon) within us unwronged and unscathed.
In two places he urges himself to return to philosophy, both to rest in philosophy, and to obtain healing, since philosophy wants what his (properly developed human nature) nature wills. He also urges himself to struggle to become the person philosophy willed to make him.
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