11/10/2025
Stoic Philosophy makes virtue absolutely central to ethics. If you want to be happy, tranquil, and free, the Stoics think, you must cultivate virtue. They divide virtue into four main or cardinal virtues, which are prudence, justice, courage, and temperance. One of the most important and useful texts for us to learn about the Stoic doctrine of the virtues is Cicero's On Duties, which is his reinterpretation of the middle Stoic Panaetius' lost treatise on ethics. Cicero provides detailed discussions of the cardinal virtues, their subordinate virtues, and their applications in book 1 of that work.
In chapter 20, Cicero notes that the virtue of courage does not bear only on the emotion or passion (perturbatio) of fear, but also on a number of other passions as well. These include desire (cupiditas), which is often for riches, glory, or position, excessive pain or pleasure, and one emotion which he devotes a lot of discussion to, anger.
In chapter 25, he stresses that anger is not characteristic of a brave or magnanimous person, and that we ought to be cultivating in place of anger dispositions of clemency or mercy (clementia) and mildness (mansuetedo). We may need in some cases to punish people for doing wrong, but we can and should do so without anger. In fact, Cicero agrees with the Stoics in holding that anger is in all cases to be rejected.
In chapter 26, he mentions three other emotional comportments that we ought to avoid: haughtiness (fastidium), arrogance, and pride (superbia).
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