12/03/2025
New York is often called βthe Italian American capitalβ because it has the largest Italian American population in the United States. Italian communities exist in all five boroughs, many with roots going back more than a century. Italians helped build modern New York City and left an enduring mark on its arts, politics, language, and especially its cuisine.
In the cityβs first two centuries, relatively few Italians lived in New York. In 1860, only about 1,400 residents were of Italian descent. Most worked tough jobs as dockworkers, fruit sellers, organ grinders, or rag pickers, often living in the deteriorating Five Points slum. But during the 1860s a wave of immigration beganβone that became a flood by the end of the 19th century. From 1900 to 1914, nearly two million Italians came to America, the majority through New York. By 1930, the city had over one million Italian Americans, making up 17% of its population.
Most came from southern Italy, and many were contadiniβlandless farmers escaping extreme poverty. Early arrivals were often men who planned to earn money and return home. Some were recruited by padroni (labor brokers) who arranged their passage and lodging, then hired them out in work crews while keeping most of their wages. With limited formal education, many Italian men found work as laborers, digging trenches, paving streets, and helping build landmarks such as the Brooklyn Bridge, the subway, and Grand Central Terminal. Others built small businesses as vendors, grocers, or barbers. Italian women and girls commonly worked in the garment factories.
Like many immigrant groups facing language and cultural barriers, Italians formed tight-knit ethnic enclaves. Early communities grew along Mulberry Street north of Five Points, in Greenwich Village, and in East Harlem. Although New Yorkers referred to them simply as βItalians,β the immigrants identified more strongly with their regions and villages back home. Neighborhoods were organized the same way: Mulberry Street was primarily Neapolitan; Mott Street held the Calabresi; Hester Street the Apulians; while Elizabeth Street was overwhelmingly Sicilianβsometimes with each block representing a single Sicilian town.
These close communitiesβmade even closer by crowded streets and cramped tenementsβwere built around family, food, and faith. Cultural tensions occasionally arose, especially when Italians were expected to share churches with Irish Catholics. Many preferred worshiping in church basements rather than attending what they viewed as an βIrishβ Mass.
Facing discrimination and poverty, Italian Americans created mutual aid societies, cultural clubs (especially for music and opera), and organizations to preserve their regional traditions and religious festivals. Less positive were the rise of La Cosa Nostra crime groups, rooted in Sicilian secret societies, which expanded during Prohibition into the American Mafia.
Throughout the 20th century, Italian Americans gradually moved out of the old, overcrowded neighborhoods. Today, major Italian communities thrive in Bensonhurst and Bay Ridge in Brooklyn (famous from Saturday Night Fever), Howard Beach and Ozone Park in Queens, Belmont in the Bronx, and across Staten Island, where more than half the population is of Italian heritage.
Although few Italians still live in historic enclaves like Little Italy, Greenwich Village, or Italian Harlem, the cultural legacy remains. A handful of beloved family-run restaurants, food shops, and cafΓ©s continue to preserve the flavor of New Yorkβs Italian immigrant past.
π· Italian grocery store, New York, 1943