09/22/2025
Around the turn of the 19th century, a Viennese physician named Franz Joseph Gall proposed a new, and controversial, hypothesis about the human brain. Even as a child, Gall was fascinated by the brain and its connection with people’s personalities, and so throughout his career, he intensely studied its anatomy while also gathering data on people’s skull sizes and facial features.
He came to believe that people’s mental faculties were localized within specific brain regions. And because these regions molded the shape of people’s skulls, a trained eye could divinate a person’s capabilities for love, violence, greed, intelligence, and other traits simply by examining their cranial bumps and recessions.
As you’ve probably guessed, Gall’s hypotheses provided the basis for phrenology — though Gall never used that term, preferring the more lexically accurate but less marketable “cranioscopy.” Today, researchers have rejected cranioscopy for its lack of empirical rigor, and the phrenology crazes that followed Gall’s death — spearheaded by grifters like the Fowler Brothers — are recognized as pseudoscientific fads.
But let’s not be too hard on the old Gall. The human brain is an incredibly complex organ, and his research represents some of the earliest attempts to understand it scientifically. In the 200 years since, neuroscientists have learned a lot about the brain’s relationship with intelligence and personality, as well as how its unique regions play both specialized and coordinated roles in bodily and cognitive functions.
Yet many mysteries remain, and plenty of myths and pseudoscientific claims surrounding the brain are still out there — many based on either misunderstandings of the empirical data or the misleading promises of hucksters.
To help us learn more and demystify the brain a bit, we asked Rachel Barr, a neuroscientist and the author of How to Make Your Brain Your Best Friend, to recommend some books on the subject. She suggested the following five, written by some of the top experts and thinkers in her field.
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Read the full article by Kevin Dickinson here: https://bigthink.com/books/5-brilliant-books-to-demystify-the-brain/