08/10/2025
Over 2,200 years ago in Alexandria, Egypt, a Greek librarian named Eratosthenes used a simple stick and its shadow to measure the entire planet. π§
Serving as the chief librarian at the great Library of Alexandria around 240 BC, Eratosthenes had access to vast amounts of information.
He learned that in a city to the south called Syene (modern-day Aswan), the sun was directly overhead at noon on the summer solstice, casting no shadows down wells.
However, at that exact same time in Alexandria, a vertical stick did cast a shadow. This simple observation told him the Earth's surface must be curved.
By measuring the angle of the shadow in Alexandria, he found it was about 7.2 degrees. He realized this angle was about 1/50th of a full 360-degree circle.
Eratosthenes knew the distance between the two cities was roughly 800 kilometers. He then did the math, multiplying that distance by 50.
His final calculation for the Earthβs circumference was 40,000 kilometers. π
This was an astonishingly accurate figure, coming within less than 1% of the measurements we have today using modern technology.
His method demonstrated the power of observation and geometry, establishing a foundation for the science of geography that would last for centuries.
Sources: Cleomedes' 'On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies,' Pliny the Elder's 'Natural History'