11/19/2025
In 1923, a 66-year-old woman wrote a novel about a 58-year-old woman reclaiming her s*xuality—and the entire country exploded in outrage.
Her name was Gertrude Atherton. And the book that scandalized America? Black Oxen—a story about a woman who undergoes an experimental rejuvenation treatment and emerges looking thirty again.
But here's what made critics lose their minds: she doesn't do it to find a husband. She doesn't do it to please society. She does it to reclaim her power, her vitality, and yes—her s*xuality.
The novel became an instant bestseller. It was also branded dangerous.
Male critics were horrified. How dare a woman suggest that female desire doesn't die at forty? How dare she write about an older woman competing s*xually with younger women? How dare she give a woman power without punishing her for it?
But Gertrude Atherton had been scandalizing readers for thirty-five years—and at sixty-six, she wasn't about to stop.
Born in 1857 in San Francisco, Gertrude married at nineteen to a man her family approved of but she didn't love. The marriage was miserable. She was restless, ambitious, hungry for more than managing a household.
Then in 1887, her husband died suddenly at sea.
Society expected her to mourn quietly, remarry respectably, and fade into widowhood.
Instead? She felt liberated.
With a small inheritance and burning ambition, she moved to New York, then Europe, and dove into literary circles. She began writing novels that shocked everyone—stories about women who wanted careers, who chafed at marriage, who pursued pleasure and power unapologetically.
Critics called her work "unwomanly." They said she wrote like a man. They accused her of being vulgar and inappropriate.
She kept writing.
Novel after novel, Gertrude created women who wanted s*x and didn't pretend otherwise. Women who pursued ambition without apology. Women who refused to be tamed by marriage or motherhood. Women who aged without becoming invisible.
These weren't nice women. They weren't always likable. They were complicated, flawed, hungry—exactly like real women.
And then came Black Oxen in 1923.
The experimental treatment in the book—the Steinach procedure—was real. Dr. Eugen Steinach had developed a glandular treatment that supposedly restored youth. Wealthy people, including Sigmund Freud, actually underwent it.
Atherton took this real medical phenomenon and asked a revolutionary question: What if a woman used it not to please others, but to reclaim herself?
The result was explosive. Women wrote to thank her for acknowledging that they still felt desire, still wanted power, still existed after forty. But others were scandalized. One reviewer called it "dangerous" because it suggested older women might compete with younger women.
Male critics were particularly disturbed. How dare older women refuse to fade gracefully?
But here's what made Atherton truly revolutionary: she didn't just write about individual women seeking freedom. She dissected the systems designed to control them—how society weaponized "respectability," how marriage could be a trap disguised as security, how aging was used to render women powerless.
And she lived the audacity she wrote about.
After her husband's death, Gertrude never remarried. She traveled constantly—Europe, New York, California. She moved in circles with Mark Twain and Ambrose Bierce. She wrote over fifty novels, supported women's suffrage, and lived independently until the very end.
When she was in her eighties, still writing, a young interviewer asked if she had any regrets.
"Only that I didn't write more," she said.
Gertrude Atherton died in 1948 at age ninety-one, having published her last novel just three years earlier. She worked until nearly the end, never losing her edge, never becoming the respectable old lady society demanded.
But here's the tragedy: Despite being a bestseller in her time, despite writing fifty novels, despite influencing generations—Gertrude Atherton is largely forgotten today.
Literary history remembers the men of her era—Jack London, Frank Norris, Ambrose Bierce. They're taught in schools. Their books stay in print.
Atherton? A footnote. Occasionally mentioned in feminist studies. Rarely read.
And that's exactly the erasure she spent her career fighting.
Because Gertrude Atherton proved something that still makes people uncomfortable: women have always wanted more than they were allowed to want.
Female desire—s*xual, professional, political—has always existed, even when literature pretended it didn't.
She wrote women who were angry, ambitious, s*xual, powerful, flawed. She wrote them when women were supposed to be pure, passive, self-sacrificing angels. She wrote older women who refused to become invisible.
Black Oxen shocked America in 1923 because it suggested a woman's life didn't end at forty. That desire, ambition, and vitality could belong to older women too. That rejuvenation wasn't about pleasing men—it was about reclaiming yourself.
A century later, we're still having that conversation.
Older women are still told to age gracefully (which means invisibly). Female s*xuality is still controversial. Women's ambition is still threatening.
Gertrude Atherton saw all of this in 1890. And 1900. And 1920. And 1940.
She wrote about it for sixty years, never softening, never compromising, never pretending women's desires were anything other than what they were: real, powerful, and worth fighting for.
She married young because that's what women did. She was widowed early and discovered freedom felt better than propriety. She wrote fifty novels that shocked and challenged readers to see women as full human beings.
And then history mostly forgot her—which is exactly the kind of erasure she spent her career exposing.
So here's what we do: We remember her now.
We remember the woman who wrote about female desire when it was scandalous. We remember the writer who gave older women their s*xuality back when society wanted them invisible. We remember the novelist who refused to write "nice" women because real women aren't always nice—they're complicated, ambitious, s*xual, angry, powerful.
In 1923, she wrote about an older woman reclaiming her s*xuality, and America lost its mind.
Maybe it's time we recognized that Gertrude Atherton was right all along.
Women have always wanted more. And there's never been anything wrong with that.