14/08/2025
LONDON — The spate of heatwaves that left Europe sweaty and irate has by now largely passed. But a debate in Britain that could become a political wedge issue over air-conditioning is only just getting started.
Advocates for wider A.C. installation argue that increasing its adoption could raise living standards and productivity for a Labour government keen to make gains with frustrated voters and, perhaps counterintuitively, even advance the transition to net zero — while a failure to do so may mean it becomes politically damaging in the future.
Parties taking up the cause may too find their own dividends, as polling indicates growing public support for A.C., which may increase as Britain gets hotter. Support for the wider implementation of the cooling units has already reached 43 percent, according to polling by More in Common.
But politicians and policy wonks getting hot and bothered about beating the heat face reams of red tape to make A.C. go mainstream.
After four straight years of record-high temperatures in the U.K., proponents say they have become frustrated with a regulatory regime that actively discourages A.C. in a country where temperatures reach 30C multiple times a year.
They are calling on local and national government to relax planning rules, modify a key energy subsidy and reform energy efficiency rules so it can be more easily and widely installed.
Tory MP Jack Rankin said it was “ridiculous that in a country facing record heat, it’s still so hard to install air con at home,” blaming “enviro-loons” and “outdated nanny state rules.”
Supporters say that a Britain with more A.C. is a Britain that builds more and higher-quality housing, eases the transition to net zero and, crucially, enjoys more economic growth. Health, too, could benefit: Quality of life demonstrably deteriorates when temperatures go high, and extreme heat can cause as many deaths annually as mass shootings in the U.S.
David Lawrence, the co-founder of British Progress, which authored a report on A.C., said the U.K. is “still more a cold country than a hot country, but in some parts of the year, and in some parts of the country, we are an extremely hot country,” and it would only become more so.
The politics of it all
A pro A.C. mindset appears as though it should have a natural home on the right of the political spectrum. A.C. has long been seen as a luxury that you might find in a hotel room on holiday, or an American trapping that guzzles inordinate amounts of energy: Something that favors personal comfort over net zero goals.
There is some evidence that substantiates this: Shadow Energy Secretary Claire Coutinho has backed a campaign by the think tank Britain Remade to ditch a “poverty mindset” that inhibits A.C. uptake; her onetime deputy Andrew Bowie MP criticized building regulations in London that all but ban A.C. installation in new-build homes; and Reform supremo Zia Yusuf has criticized a “war” on A.C. “by the political class” which will “kill British people” at the “altar of net zero.”
The issue has already made it to the political frontlines in France, with Marine Le Pen’s far-right National Rally party proposing legislation to mandate the installation of A.C. units in public institutions — to criticism from the country’s prime minister and energy secretary.
But many of the arguments for A.C. come from those frustrated by the state’s inability to build infrastructure for the future, rather than ideological opposition to net zero.
While proliferation of A.C. worldwide will drive growth in electricity demand, the Center for British Progress has highlighted that peak demand for the technology, in summer, comes at a time when there is a glut of solar generation, and could help stimulate demand for renewable energy.
Britain Remade’s Sam Dumitriu said that in addition to arguments surrounding quality of life, there was “such a strong environmental case” for A.C. and that its consumers “don’t think about climate, but by installing [air-to-air heat pumps] they’re using half as much energy as they previously were, and they have a better product.”
Voices beyond the right and a bubble of researchers are already beginning to develop policies for air conditioning.
Green party leadership frontrunner Zack Polanski said it is “inefficient and shortsighted” to install heat pumps that don’t both heat and cool, while the Liberal Democrats this week called on the government to install a new law forcing care homes to install A.C. as part of a campaign to “heatproof the NHS.”
Sadiq and Ed
The trialing of a new state-of-the-art Piccadilly line train — complete with A.C. — should have been an easy win for Sadiq Khan, especially given that temperatures on underground trains frequently surpass 30C — the legal limit for transporting cattle.
But it’s also a reminder that London’s building regulations (and national ones) emphasize that housebuilders must exhaust “passive” cooling options. These include “dual aspect” rules requiring windows to be on different walls of a flat to increase airflow, before “active” ones like A.C. can be installed in domestic settings.
The result is not just that A.C. is difficult and expensive to install, but also that it takes up valuable floor space in a city whose housing is in many cases insurmountably expensive.
Meanwhile, a gas-boiler replacement scheme by the government, awarding £7.5k to those looking to replace their boilers with heat pumps, currently excludes air-to-air pumps, which both heat and cool homes, in favor of air-to-water units, which almost exclusively heat.
The government, however, indicated in July that it was considering expanding the replacement subsidy to include air-to-air heat pumps, popular in European countries including France, Italy, and Norway.
Tory MP Bradley Thomas, currently a parliamentary private secretary to Coutinho, said “the government is pushing, on the one hand, a very electricity-intensive technology in the form of air-source heat pumps, but at the same time precluding people from making an upgrade that could also cool their home and get a financial subsidy in the process.”
Energy efficiency ratings, which some say don’t properly factor in the capacity of heat pumps, are also the subject of criticism.
Campaigners are increasingly frustrated not just with the government, but with backbenchers who they believe are too scared to criticize the government and push for progress on the issue. They single out the Labour Growth Group, a key backbench caucus in the parliamentary Labour party.
One campaigner, granted anonymity to speak frankly, said of the Growth Group that “there’s very little heft there… they’re like: ‘Let’s just build things.’ But it’s not a matter of just shouting ‘let’s build things.’ I think courage is certainly an element that they’re missing.”
Boomer mentality
Politicians could find the heat on them if they do not engage with the issue, especially as climate change furthers extreme weather patterns and younger voters show themselves to be more concerned by it than their older compatriots.
Polling by More in Common indicates that 43 percent of the public support installing air conditioning in new buildings, where 34 percent do not because the units would contribute to climate change. Given that it is still relatively recent policy issue, these are not inconsiderable numbers.
However, the number rises to 50 and 51 percent in Greater London and the East of England respectively, while voters that backed Reform nationally in 2024 support installing more A.C. by 51 percent.
There is also a pronounced age difference in sentiment on heatwaves. U.K. adults aged 50-64 and over 65 surveyed by YouGov in June indicated that they hoped a heatwave did happen this summer by 44 percent and 41 percent respectively, while just 27 percent aged 18-24 agreed.
Among young people, 65 percent hoped it would not, perhaps due to them seeing heatwaves as totemic of climate change. This especially affects quality of life in newly built homes, in which young people are more likely to live, whereas older voters may have a hazy nostalgia for summer heat.
Yet while older people are the most adversely impacted by the effects of extreme heat, they are less exercised about the need for A.C., and despite being the group likeliest to write to MPs, may not raise the issue with lawmakers.
Dumitriu said that improving the uptake of A.C. is “one of those really low-hanging fruits in policy — I hope that we’re going to see some movement around it.”
Boiling Britain: How air conditioning could become a political priority in the UK
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LONDON — The spate of heatwaves that left Europe sweaty and irate has by now largely passed. But a debate in Britain that could become a pol...