I far sultanate

25/08/2022

30/03/2022

Afar vs. Ethiopia
Afar–Abyssinian relations can be traced back to the era of ancient Aksumite
dominance over the port of Adulis,8
a home for the ’Adolla tribe of coastal
Afar, and a sea outlet for trade contacts with South Arabia, India, as well as
the Byzantine and Roman empires.
Civil wars between the highland Christian empires and the multi-ethnic
Muslim Emirate of Adal, in which the Afar had a major influence, signifi-
cantly dominated the medieval history of Ethiopia. From the second half of
the 16th century onwards, the Adal Emirate’s power declined and disinte-
grated due to various factors such as the Christian empires’ political power
expansion, the invasion of Afarland by Oromo expansionists and the control
over islands on the Red Sea Coast by Turkish imperialists.
Despite the neighbouring highlanders’ several attempts to intervene in
the Afar affairs, traditional authorities (’Amoytas, Derders, Redantus,
Momins and Makabantus) were relatively semi-independent leaders and
representatives of their subjects. The Afar successively resisted extensive in-
trusion of their land by neighbouring highlanders, particularly by the two
Abyssinian factions of the Amhara and Tigre. A glance at the history of the
18th century Tigray under Sehul Mika’el to the 21st century Tigray under

8 The ancient port of Adulis in the Gulf of Zula located ca. 40 km to the south of Massawa
was possibly frequented by the Aksumite kingdom during the Zenith of the Empire. Salt,
gold, slaves and several other goods were passed and traded through Adulis. The Greek
also controlled the port from 600 BC to 15 AD and gave it its name Adulis.

30/03/2022

The 1961 Ti’o conference, in which 55 tribal chieftains from northern
Dankalia participated, reached a general consensus regarding the urgency of
a quest of the formation of an Afar autonomous governorate-general inside
Ethiopia comprising those in Hararge, Shoa, Wallo, Tigray and Eritrea. Sub-
sequently the Assab conference was held in 1963 and the decision was made
to forward a petition to the emperor. The co-ordination of obtaining all the
Afar tribal chiefs’ signatures on the petition and forwarding it to the court of
the Emperor was entrusted to Sheikh Yasin Mohamoda, who was the author
and activist of the idea. It took him four solid years to complete his mission
(Redo 1998: 38).
However, the dignitaries, elders, tribal chiefs and religious leaders who
came to Addis Ababa in 1964 to plead with the emperor for the restoration of
Afar unity, returned to their respective areas with no tangible outcome of
their mission. A year later in 1965, extensive pressure for the restoration of
Afar unity particularly from the Afar in Eritrea, the realisation of a potential

24/03/2022

1amir /gifti .Gudit, Gudit, Gwedit, Yodit or Judith,900s Queen ( perhaps fl. 10th century A.D.),
1.also known in Amharic as ‘Esato and in 2.Teltal as(afar) Ga’Ewa, was a rebel leader to whom the downfall of the ancient Aksumite
Empire is traditionally ascribed. In addition to oral tradition there is considerable documentary evidence that c. 970 A.D. the ruling Aksumite,dynasty was harassed by a non-Christian queen, who lay waste to the city and countryside, destroyed churches and monuments and sought to exterminate all members of the royal family, the House of David. Many traditional sources affirm that this queen was of the Jewish faith, or
had adopted it from her husband. This perhaps led some traditional Ethiopian scholars and others such as Bruce to assume that she was a daughter of the Fälaša rulers of Semén. Gudit has also been confused with the Princess Mäsobä-Wärq or Terde’a-Gäbäz said to have been instrumental in the transfer of power from the legitimate royal house to the Zagwé, a dynasty of usurpers who seized the throne at some time after the fall of Aksum. Thus Gudit herself has
sometimes been pictured as the founder of the Zagwé dynasty and is said to have reigned for forty years and to have been succeeded by her descendadescendants rebellious and non-Christian queen harried
the Emperor and the Christian populace of
northern Ethiopia in mid-tenth century is attested from an independent source, although the
problem of identifying the queen remains a
complex on

24/03/2022

Amir /gift Baddisa xiqsita

15/03/2022

Afar karta

08/03/2022

Autres groupes qui forment des entités à part
II existe dans le delta de 1' Awash, aux alentours du lac
Afembo, une tribu nommée Bara-Moussa qui descendrait des
imams: Ses membres se disent d'origine arabe et ne se
marient qu'entre eux, pratiquant le "mariage arabe" et non pas
le mariage absuma11.
Au sud de l'Awash, se trouve la grande tribu des Koutoubla,
originaire de Tadjoura. Dans les temps anciens, ils étaient
inféodés aux Wa'ima, "leurs oncles", lesquels les opprimaient
et prenaient leurs femmes. Ils décidèrent de s'allier avec les
Mooda'ito contre les Wa'ima et depuis cette époque ils sont
leurs dépendants12. Ils sont au contact des Issa et les
combattent pour garder les pâturages13. Ils vivent dans "le
pays de la peur", doka'a, dénomination des zones de contact
avec les peuples ennemis, Somali, Oromo, Tigré. Par
opposition au pays de la peur, il existe "le pays de la lumière",
la 'o, au cœur du pays afar, où l'on peut se déplacer en
sécurité. Ils forment, avec sept autres tribus, une grande
confédération, les Barra-Ad'ali-k-Airota