Christian Community Reader's Digest (2025)

02/11/2025

EXPLORING THE RAPTURE: WHEN AND HOW DOES IT HAPPEN (4)

By David Olawoyin

In my previous article, I noted that the first seven chapters of Revelation present an overview of the book’s prophetic timeline for the present global order. This is consistent with the book’s symbolism of the recurring number seven, which signifies completion or fullness. The remaining fifteen chapters mostly zoom in to reveal greater detail about specific parts of the framework established in the first seven chapters.

Beginning of New Things

Just as the number eight begins a new cycle—as in the “eighth day” of the week, which is actually the first day of a new week after the seven days of the previous week—so does the first verse of the eighth chapter of Revelation signify the beginning of a new global order. It is the beginning of a new age when “the kingdoms of this world have become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever” (Revelation 11:15).

Technically, this verse is part of the first seven chapters, as it represents the opening of the seventh seal, but its separation to the eighth chapter highlights how its marks the beginning of new things.

But the verse is curiously “empty”—“silent”: “When He opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven for about half an hour” (Revelation 8:1). When each of the first six seals was opened, John saw a visionary scene depicting a major phase of world history. But on the opening of the seventh seal, nothing was revealed—just silence.

Why?

It is the mystery about which Christ said, “no one knows, not even the angels of heaven, but My Father only” (Matthew 24:36)—the mystery of the time of His return and the associated events (1 Corinthians 15:51–52). Other Scripture passages tell us some things about the event, which could stimulate our imagination and animate our expectations, but we need to wait patiently until that time arrives to see exactly how it happens. This need cannot be overemphasized (Romans 8:23–25; 1 Corinthians 15:35–38; 1 John 3:2).

What Could It Look Like?

This brings me to the images I have used to illustrate this series—which may puzzle some. A reader on Facebook commented on one of them: “This shows an alien flying saucer. It has nothing to do with the so-called rapture.”

Admittedly, the illustrative images may be jarring to some, but they are meant to stimulate the minds of the spiritually enterprising to imagine what the Rapture might look like.

I recognize that this explorative association of the Rapture with alien spacecraft may come across as bizarre to some. However, it is not arbitrary but consistent with what we know from Scripture. For instance, the prefigurative rapture of Elijah involved an extraterrestrial vehicle that caused Elisha to exclaim in awe (2 Kings 2:11–12). Also, Ezekiel saw a vision of extraterrestrial beings who piloted huge, swift, and luminous wheel-shaped spacecraft, which he described as “awesome” (Ezekiel 1:13–21). And we know that extraterrestrial beings—“angels” or “aliens”—will be involved in the Rapture (Matthew 24:31, 25:31; see also Ecclesiastes 1:9–10).

This idea can only make the predicted extraordinary event of the Rapture more relatable to the contemporary believer or seeker. As I have noted elsewhere, the saints being “caught up” (1 Thessalonians 4:17) could be likened to what is commonly called “alien abduction”—a phenomenon about which a Harvard researcher and Pulitzer Prize winner concluded: “I have come to see the abduction phenomenon as an extraordinary mystery that I cannot explain, but which seems to be both real and of profound psychological and spiritual significance.”

Little Regarded but Highly Significant

The rest of Revelation 8–9 is about the Seven Trumpets. As previously noted, the trumpets zoom in on certain aspects of the Seven Seals, especially the sixth seal of divine judgment.

Then we arrive at Revelation 10, another favorite of mine—a little-regarded but highly significant and potentially consequential chapter. While the chapter is well known to eschatology students—particularly because of its mysterious Seven Thunders, the unwritten part of Scripture—it has not been sufficiently put in practical perspective.

The chapter reveals a “mighty angel” who comes down from heaven with “a little book open in his hand” (Revelation 10:1–2). This is an interesting proposition considering all the debates and questions about the authenticity and fidelity of our present Bible, and how some critics like to argue that Christ, the author of the Christian faith, never wrote a single word.

It is noteworthy that the description of this mighty book-bearing angel as having “a rainbow…on his head” matches Christ’s association with the “Messenger of the covenant” in Malachi 3:1. The rainbow is given as a covenant sign in Genesis 9:11–13, and the Greek word angelos, translated “angel” in Revelation 10:1, means “messenger.”

Now we understand that the Christian faith authored by Christ is precisely what it is—faith: a personal, spiritual revelation and conviction that no amount of studying a book can substitute. (Hebrews 11:1–6). Christian study is most productive when it builds on existing faith, just as Scripture exhorts, “giving all diligence, add to your faith virtue, to virtue knowledge” (2 Peter 1:5).

Nevertheless, this does not end the debate about the nature of our Bible and the argument that Christ never wrote a word—something that should stir greater interest in the book brought by the mighty angel. Of course, there have been counterfeit claims of divinely authored and supernaturally delivered books, but that should only deepen our quest for the genuine.

Practical Exploration

So, what is this open book in Revelation 10?

The best biblical answer, consistent with the progression of the Revelation narrative, is that it is the same as the sealed book held by the One (God the Father) on the central throne in Revelation 4, unsealed by the opening of the Seven Seals. The slain Lamb (Christ the Son, the Redeemer) was the only one worthy to open the book, and it has been fittingly described as containing the plan of redemption and representing the title deed to all that is redeemed and reclaimed.

Internal evidence suggests that this divine book delivered by the mighty angel is actually the Book of Revelation delivered to John. Recall the introduction:

“The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave Him to show His servants… And He sent and signified it by His angel to His servant John… Blessed is he who reads and those who hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things which are written in it” (see Revelation 1:1–3).

That’s compelling, and it only underscores the noted importance of the Book of Revelation to faithful Christian practice and witness—especially today, though many continue to downplay or dismiss it.

Nevertheless, within the overarching futuristic framework and logical unfolding of Revelation, John’s instruction to take the book from the angel and eat it, and the need for him to “prophesy again about many peoples, nations, tongues, and kings” (see Revelation 10:8–11) suggests that the chapter also has a prophetic significance.

The suggestion here is about the possibility of a great messenger, or “man of God,” with a Johannian anointing being used to deliver a definite message in the “time of the end”—in a way that resolves all the theological debates and doctrinal controversies that have plagued the church age, enabling a clear and unified witness by the people of God in the latter days (cf. Daniel 12:9-10). For continuity with the preliminary experience of John, this message could consist of an explicit decoding, or unsealing, of the book of Revelation.

This idea of an end-time significance of Revelation 10 is made more compelling by the fact that some details of the chapter strikingly parallel another biblical witness about the build-up to the primary subject of this series—the return of Christ and the Rapture of the global Church consisting of Jews and Gentiles.

(To be continued.)

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Christian Community Reader’s Digest is a publication of Christian Community Online. Visit and share with us at https://christiancommunity.online/ , and read more articles at https://medium.com/christian-community-online . Except otherwise noted, all Scripture quotations in this article are from the New King James Version of the Bible.

Image by Secoura from Pixabay.

We are an online community of Christians around the world. Diverse in origin, experience, and location, we share “one faith, one Lord, one baptism” – and one love. Our desire is to revive and nurture the spiritual passion, sense of community, and “lively hope” of the early Christians in a ...

19/10/2025

EXPLORING THE RAPTURE: WHEN AND HOW DOES IT HAPPEN? (3)

By David Olawoyin

October 6/7 came and went without incident — at least as far as the much-publicized Rapture prediction was concerned. This followed the earlier failure of a September 23/24 forecast, after which the October 6/7 “correction” was introduced to align the old Julian calendar with the current Gregorian calendar.

Yet some of the forecasters remain undeterred, insisting that their original “September 23/24” divine revelation is accurate — whenever that may prove to be in the unfolding of human time.

There is more sophistication in this newer iteration of the prediction. And as one who is inclined to look for the positive in any situation, I would say it suggests that someone is beginning to mature. That is not to deny, however, that darker spiritual influences may have been at work in this matter all along. Indeed, since I first drafted this article, a third October 16/17 prediction by a faction of these misguided individuals had failed.

At best, this has been an unfortunate display of biblical deficiency, spiritual naïveté, and inexperience in public ministry. There is a kernel of truth in some of what has been said during this episode — maybe even something that was genuinely revealed — but spiritual maturity should have informed a more measured and responsible handling of the issue.

The “deceiving spirits” behind the “doctrines of devils” that Scripture warns about operate most effectively through subtle distortions of truth and the enticement of fame (1 Timothy 4:1; Jude 1:11). Contemporary culture aptly describes such influences as “mind viruses,” and we are all exposed to them — believers and unbelievers alike, both within and outside the church. What determines their effect on us is the strength of our spiritual immunity, which is developed primarily through the Word and the Spirit.

However, as I have previously noted, the Rapture predictions were not the motivation for this article series but merely a coincidence. While they have added a unique dimension to the discussion — and it was indeed interesting to see how many yearn for the consolation of the “blessed hope,” the glorious return of our Lord Jesus Christ (Titus 2:13) — it is now time to move beyond the travesty of those predictions.

Breeze through Revelation – Christ and the Church

Picking up from the last article, I will now breeze through the book of Revelation, offering a concise overview of how it holds together. We are particularly interested in how it reinforces the case I have made for a post-tribulation Rapture of the Church based on the Gospels and Epistles — as well as the idea of a distinct, pre-tribulation rapture of an elite, “Enochian” company of believers separate from the Church. However, a broad grasp of the book’s overall structure and message is essential for engaging thoughtfully with many of the significant issues we face in the present day.

It’s going to be quick, and if something grabs our attention, we can return to it in a future article—just as the present series emerged from another previous article.

Revelation 1 serves as an introduction and immediately alerts the reader to the prophetic and futuristic message of the book. It is also noteworthy for its revelation of the exalted, divine status of the resurrected Christ — “the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the ending… the Almighty” (Revelation 1:8). I like to think of Him as the quintessential Man — the embodiment and culmination of humanity’s long evolutionary journey, restoring creation to the stage of development originally intended by God.

Revelation 2–3 is perhaps the portion of the book least appreciated for what it truly is. While there is no reason to deny that the Seven Letters in these chapters were initially addressed to seven actual Gentile (non-Jewish) churches existing at the time of writing, a careful reading reveals a far broader prophetic dimension. It is particularly noteworthy that each message is directed primarily to the “angel” of the church — something difficult to pin on local congregations.

A flashback to Revelation 1:20 also reveals Christ saying, “The mystery of the seven stars which you saw in My right hand, and the seven golden lampstands: The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands which you saw are the seven churches.”

Why would this heavenly design and transcendent revelation of Christ be confined to seven local congregations? As the verse itself suggests, it is a mystery meant to be explored and understood.

Briefly, the Seven Letters constitute a condensed yet comprehensive message from Christ to the entire Gentile church throughout history, identifying seven major prophetic expressions of the Church’s experience and witness.

Notable church historians and Bible expositors, including Clarence Larkin, have observed that the Seven Letters reflect seven distinct periods, or “ages,” of church history. The “angel” (Greek ángelos, meaning “messenger”) addressed in each letter has often been associated with the primary individual through whom the Spirit spoke during the corresponding age. For example, Martin Luther, leader of the Protestant Reformation, is commonly identified with the “angel of the church in Thyatira” (Revelation 2:18), which represents the fourth church age.

This “Seven Church Ages” perspective appears to capture the overarching significance of the Seven Letters — aligning both with the book’s broader prophetic outlook and with specific details within the letters. Yet the letters, or portions of them, are also dynamically applicable to a variety of church contexts throughout history, including local congregations, denominations, movements, associations, events, and situations.

Beyond the Gentile Church — Back to Israel

In Revelation 4–5, John is caught up into heaven, where he beholds the throne of God and the divine order that governs the heavenly realm. This is one of my favorite parts of the book. The key takeaway here is this: when Scripture speaks of the coming of the kingdom of heaven, it is about the earthly manifestation of this celestial order that John glimpsed. It all points back to God’s original purpose in the beginning, when He declared, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion…over all the earth” (Genesis 1:26).

Moving on to Revelation 6, we read about the Seven Seals, which are related to the Seven Trumpets (Revelation 8–9) and the Seven Bowls (or Vials, Revelation 15–16). The Seals set the framework, with the Trumpets and Bowls zooming in on specific aspects of the timeframe of the Seals.

The Seven Seals parallel the Seven Letters. While the Letters focus on the Church landscape, the Seals concern the broader global arena. As careful students of Scripture have observed, the unfolding of the Seven Seals precisely parallels the global sequence of events in Matthew 24, which Christ said will culminate in His return and the Rapture of the Church.

Indeed, the idea of Seven Trumpets blown in succession—within the timeframe of the Seven Seals—should immediately call to mind the apostle’s words about the Rapture taking place at the blowing of the “last trumpet” (1 Corinthians 15:51–52).

Back to Israel

This was the subject I was addressing in a previous article when I made the remark that prompted this series—the shift of God’s redemptive focus from the Gentiles back to Israel in the period leading up to the Rapture.

That is what we see in Revelation 7, which shows the redemptive sealing of 144,000 individuals from the twelve tribes of Israel. It will only become clearer as we proceed that this messianic revival of the Jews occurs just before the Rapture. But it is noteworthy here that the silent, or unknown, seventh seal (Revelation 8:1; cf. Matthew 24:36) is opened immediately after the sealing of the 144,000.

Consistent with the symbolism of the number seven — which recurs throughout Revelation, signifying completion, or fullness — the first seven chapters we have reviewed so far actually present a comprehensive overview of the book’s prophetic timeline. As we will see, the remaining fifteen chapters essentially expand on specific aspects of the framework we already have.

(To be continued.)

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Christian Community Reader’s Digest is a publication of Christian Community Online. Visit and share with us at https://christiancommunity.online/ , and read more articles at https://medium.com/christian-community-online . Except otherwise noted, all Scripture quotations in this article are from the New King James Version of the Bible.

Image adapted from TheAlienExperience on Pixabay.

We are an online community of Christians around the world. Diverse in origin, experience, and location, we share “one faith, one Lord, one baptism” – and one love. Our desire is to revive and nurture the spiritual passion, sense of community, and “lively hope” of the early Christians in a ...

05/10/2025

EXPLORING THE RAPTURE: WHEN AND HOW DOES IT HAPPEN? (2)

By David Olawoyin

It was September 29 when I started writing this. Apparently, the Rapture did not happen on October 23/24 as predicted and expected by some.

This fallout was expected by anyone who knew the Scriptures and discerned the times and the spirit behind the predictions. However, those who are always seeking something to use in attacking or discrediting faith are latching onto the cheap opportunity.

The entire episode actually proves the reliability of the Scriptures, which predict the parallel proliferation of scoffers and those giving heed to deceiving spirits in the latter times (1 Timothy 4:1; 2 Peter 3:3-4).

While some conveniently ignore it, the same trend is evident in non-religious circles. There are those in the secular space who claim to be the custodians of reliable knowledge and forecasts, who have not only been repeatedly proven wrong but are also being propped up by others who should know better.

Curiously, like some of their secular counterparts, a faction of the September 23/24 Rapture predictors is digging in their heels—claiming that their prediction did not fail but is actually based on the former Julian calendar and not our present Gregorian calendar. In that sense, “September 23/24” is actually October 6/7—a new expected Rapture date.

To that, I will simply say that I am content with the Lord’s recommendation: “Who then is a faithful and wise servant, whom his master made ruler over his household, to give them food in due season? Blessed is that servant whom his master, when he comes, will find so doing” (Matthew 24:45-46).

Whenever the Lord comes, He will meet me doing the work my hands have found—and I hope that I will be doing it faithfully.

Take Another Look

In the first part of this series, I made a case for a post-tribulation Rapture of the Church. That position seems very clear from the Scriptures, and seekers only need to shed preconceived ideas, the desire for self-vindication, and take another look at it. If someone can show that to be wrong and present an alternative explanation for my Scripture references, I offer to share it with my audience here.

When the Lord’s parable makes a distinction between wise and foolish virgins (Matthew 25:1-13), it is: (1) A distinction between those who have sufficient oil for their lamps—sufficient insight and clarity about the “end times” message of the Bible—and those who don’t. (2) It is a distinction between those whose biblical clarity and awareness will help them get to “Goshen”—the Lord’s prepared places of refuge during the Great Tribulation—and those whose mistaken ideas will cause them to suffer the horrors of that time.

Still, I have suggested the existence of a special group of people, different from the Church, who will be raptured before the Great Tribulation, as the “firstfruits” of the harvest. As I noted, they were foreshadowed by Enoch, who was mysteriously taken away before the flood—a time of trouble through which Noah and his family, a type of the Church, had to be preserved in the Ark.

I intend to make a case for this special group of believers. But I would like to first share some useful thoughts about Revelation, a Bible book that is more important than many appreciate.

The case I made for the pre-tribulation Rapture was based on the Gospels and the Epistles. But Revelation also confirms it—not through a debatable or allusive interpretation of an otherwise vague passage, but vividly and objectively. And it also reveals the special group of believers who will be raptured before the Great Tribulation.

The Revelation of Jesus Christ

Despite the diverse attacks it has suffered, Revelation is in one way the most important book of the Bible. Not only is it the only book that claims an express and direct message from Christ to the Church, it is also a condensation of the entire message of the Bible. Where many other books, especially their prophetic aspects, can be winding, complex, and ambiguous, Revelation is concise, systematic, and direct.

But it is written in code.

Once you break the code, however, the Revelation triggers an epiphany. It takes the believing seeker to an altogether new level of spiritual experience, offering a unique sense of stability and assurance in the midst of global uncertainty and peril. While it is only the Spirit that can give the insight (1 Corinthians 2:14), it often works or makes some critical inputs through human instruments (2 Timothy 2:2).

On this basis, I would like to offer some personal thoughts about understanding the Revelation. There are some insights I have gained through an objective, thoughtful, extended, prayerful, and submissive study of the book. The believer is encouraged to do likewise in their quest for truth (Philippians 2:12-13; 1 Thessalonians 5:21).

Understanding Revelation

There are two crucial keys to understanding Revelation: a common-sense key and a technical key.

The common-sense key is: take the book at its word in the context of the entire Bible. This would seem obvious, but it is amazing the lengths many go to make the book say something other than it does. This attitude may stem from a struggle with the implication of the message, inducing inclination to alternative interpretations. The solution to the dilemma is to decide whether the book is inspired and reliable or not. If it is, take it for what it says.

Of course, this presumes awareness and understanding of the book’s strong symbology, which is part of its code.

Especially important to a common-sense reading of Revelation is its opening verse, which firmly sets the pace of the entire book: “The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave Him to show His servants—things which must shortly take place” (Revelation 1:1).

It continues in verse 3: “Blessed is he who reads and those who hear the words of this prophecy.”

This shows that the message of the entire book is prophetic and futuristic. However, the seeming suggestion that it will be fulfilled within a short time should be understood in the timeframe of God, the stated originator of the book: “one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day” (2 Peter 3:8).

If, as in Genesis, the evolution of the universe is assigned six days in God’s timeframe—something science tells us is billions of years in man’s timeframe—the two thousand years since the writing of Revelation is a fleeting, “shortly” time with God. “For a thousand years in Your sight Are like yesterday when it is past, And like a watch in the night” (Psalm 90:4).

Also, “things which must shortly take place” in Revelation 1:1 includes the fact that the fulfillment of the predictions will begin immediately, which is literally the case.

Regarding the technical key to understanding the Revelation, it should be noted that the above opening verse indicates that the book is intended to “show.” This is important, and a distinction should be made between what John sees in the vision and what he hears.

What John sees is intended to be revelative or prophetic—even if similar, foreshadowing events have occurred in the past. However, he may hear or be told certain things intended to help him understand what he sees, and these verbal cues may refer to the past. However, such verbal cues should not be confused with Christ’s orally delivered parts of the Revelation, which are also prophetic.

“These things we also speak, not in words which man’s wisdom teaches but which the Holy Spirit teaches, comparing spiritual things with spiritual” (1 Corinthians 2:13).

(To be continued.)

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Christian Community Reader’s Digest is a publication of Christian Community Online. Visit and share with us at https://christiancommunity.online/ , and read more articles at https://medium.com/christian-community-online . Except otherwise noted, all Scripture quotations in this article are from the New King James Version of the Bible.

Image by Leo from Pixabay.

We are an online community of Christians around the world. Diverse in origin, experience, and location, we share “one faith, one Lord, one baptism” – and one love. Our desire is to revive and nurture the spiritual passion, sense of community, and “lively hope” of the early Christians in a ...

29/09/2025

LOVE: THE MOST LIFE-TRANSFORMING POWER

By Favour Afolabi

Love is the most powerful force on earth. It builds bridges where hatred builds walls. It heals wounds that bitterness deepens. It softens hardened hearts, restores broken homes, and brings light into dark places.

Yet, love is also the most misunderstood virtue of our time.

When most people talk about love, they think about feelings — soft emotions that rise and fade with circumstances. But the Bible presents a different picture: love is not just an emotion; it is a choice, an action, a way of life.

Love Is God’s Nature

The Apostle John writes, “God is love” (1 John 4:8). He doesn’t say God merely shows love, but that God is love. Love is not something God occasionally does; it is His very essence. Every act of mercy, every sunrise, and every answered prayer flows from His heart of love.

This means that whenever we encounter true love, we catch a glimpse of God Himself. That hug you received when you were at your lowest, that forgiveness you didn’t earn, that kindness that made you cry — they reflect God’s eternal character.

It Is the Fulfillment of the Law

Love is the fulfillment of the law (Romans 13:10).

Jesus summed up the entire Old Testament in two commandments: “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind. … And you shall love your neighbor as yourself” (Matthew 22:37–39).

Notice, every command of God relies on love. Why should we not steal? Because love seeks another’s good, not their harm. Why should we not commit adultery? Because love is faithful, not selfish. Why should we forgive? Because love does not keep a record of wrongs.

Love Is Sacrificial

The world teaches us to love those who deserve it, but Christ redefined love at the cross: “But God demonstrates His own love toward us, in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us” (Romans 5:8).

True love is not always convenient. It costs something. Sometimes, it hurts. It goes the extra mile when the first mile already feels too long. Love is not measured by what we gain but by what we are willing to give.

That’s why marriages fail when selfishness takes over. That’s why friendships collapse when people stop sacrificing. That’s why churches struggle when believers refuse to bear each other’s burdens. True love carries a cross.

Think about it:

Hatred divides families, but love brings them together.

Prejudice breeds injustice, but love sees everyone as created in God’s image.

Fear keeps people in darkness, but love casts out fear (1 John 4:18).

Love is not weak — it is the most radical, potent, and counter-cultural power in existence.

Love Is Our Mark as Christians

Jesus said something astonishing: “By this all will know that you are My disciples, if you have love for one another” (John 13:35).

Not by our miracles.

Not by our theology.

Not even by our church attendance.

The world will know we belong to Jesus if, and only if, we love.

This is both inspiring and sobering. If people look at us and see hatred, division, and unforgiveness, we have failed our calling. But if they see patience, kindness, humility, and selflessness, they see Christ in us.

Love is not optional for the believer; it is our very life. Paul said, “Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels but have not love, I have become sounding brass or a clanging cymbal” (1 Corinthians 13:1).

Without love, our preaching is noise. Our prayers are empty. Our faith is dead. But with love, even the smallest acts — a smile, a prayer, a cup of water — hold eternal value.

The world is starving for real love. Not counterfeit love that fades, but the kind of love that only comes from God. And here’s the good news: “The love of God has been poured out in our hearts by the Holy Spirit” (Romans 5:5).

That means we are not called to create love — we are called to reflect it. God Himself provides what He commands.

In Conclusion

Love is not just a topic to discuss; it is a lifestyle to embrace. It is the strongest sermon you’ll ever preach, the loudest witness you’ll ever share, and the deepest legacy you’ll ever leave.

So today, forgive the one who hurt you. Call that person you’ve been avoiding. Pray for the one who mistreated you. Choose love — again and again — because love never fails (1 Corinthians 13:8).

Love is God’s way. Love is our calling. Love is the most life-transforming power.

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Christian Community Reader’s Digest is a publication of Christian Community Online. Visit and share with us at https://christiancommunity.online/ , and read more articles at https://medium.com/christian-community-online . Except otherwise noted, all Scripture quotations in this article are from the New King James Version of the Bible.

Image by Παῦλος from Pixabay

We are an online community of Christians around the world. Diverse in origin, experience, and location, we share “one faith, one Lord, one baptism” – and one love. Our desire is to revive and nurture the spiritual passion, sense of community, and “lively hope” of the early Christians in a ...

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