Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism

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Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism

Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism (SEN) is a fully-refereed journal on ethnicity, race and nation

in government, law, NGOs and media, making it one of the first journals to provide an interdisciplinary forum for established and younger scholars alike. The journal is strictly non-partisan and does not subscribe to any particular viewpoints or perspective. All articles are fully peer-reviewed by scholars who are specialists in their respective fields.

23/10/2025

𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐏𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐀𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐭 !

The Biafran War, also known as the Nigerian Civil War, was a conflict from 1967 to 1970 between Nigeria's government and the self-declared Republic of Biafra. It emerged from ethnic, religious, and economic tensions following Nigeria's independence from Britain. The war led to a severe humanitarian crisis caused by a blockade,ending with Biafra's reintegration into Nigeria.

"IPOB people" refers to members of the Indigenous People of Biafra , a separatist organization in Nigeria advocating for the restoration of an independent state of Biafra from the country's southeastern region. The group's activities have included protests, political agitation, and calls for secession, and its activities have been met with a strong opposition from the Nigerian government, leading to a period of violence and conflict.

If you want to have a deep study about discourses on the factors sustaining the conflicts and how these factors frame IPOB resistance in southeastern Nigeria, click here to read our newly published article "𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐡𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐈𝐏𝐎𝐁 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞: 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭 𝐃𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐠𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧 𝐍𝐢𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚"

This study examines the implicit motivations of the Indigenous Peoples of Biafra (IPOB) armed struggle in Southeastern Nigeria. Conventional perspectives have usually focused on evident structural is...

18/10/2025

𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐏𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐀𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐭 !

The most popular social media platforms in Pakistan include Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, Instagram, and WhatsApp, which are widely used for personal, social, and business purposes. Other platforms like X (formerly Twitter) and LinkedIn also have significant user bases, with YouTube leading in usage and TikTok seeing explosive growth, especially among younger audiences.

Minorities constitute about 3-4% of Pakistan's population, with Muslims making up over 96%. Pakistan's religious minorities include Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, and smaller groups like the Kalasha and Parsis. While constitutionally protected, these communities face significant challenges including discrimination, violence, forced conversions, and social exclusion, with issues like blasphemy accusations often leading to mob violence.

Religious minorities frequently report experiencing online negativity, including derogatory language, abuse, and death threats on social media platforms.

If you are interested to know more about how hate speech is constructed and directed toward religious minorities in Pakistan through social media platforms, click here to read our newly published article "𝐅𝐚𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐔𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞: 𝐎𝐧𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐇𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐓𝐨𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐌𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐏𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧'𝐬 𝐃𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐍𝐞𝐰𝐬 𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬"

Social media platforms have emerged as critical spaces for public discourse in Pakistan, yet they also amplify hate speech against religious minorities, notably Ahmadis, Christians and Hindus. This s...

13/10/2025

Hans Kohn argued that nationalism is a modern phenomenon, not an innate human trait, defining it as a "state of mind" where the supreme loyalty is to the nation-state. His argument was considered the dichotomy between "civic Western" and "ethnic Eastern" nationalism, which contrasts liberal, political-civic nationalism with illiberal, organic, and ethnic nationalism.

Kohn saw the French Revolution as the key event that forged a new kind of modern nationalism thus arguing that French nationalism represented the "Western" or "civic" model of nationalism, which is based on liberal, democratic, and territorial principles.

If you want to read a detailed argument for Kohn's theory concerning the French national model, click here to read our article "𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐜 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬: 𝐂𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐢𝐧 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞"

This article discusses Hans Kohn's argument that civic nations pay little attention to cultural claims in their definition and practice of citizenship, by looking at the political system in France an...

10/10/2025

Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia shareing borders with Kazakhstan, China, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.

Kyrgyzstan declared independence on August 31, 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union with Askar Akayev serving as their first president until he was overthrown during the Tulip Revolution in 2005.

Akayev was elected president in 1990 and was seen as a promising leader in the post-Soviet era. He supported political and economic liberalization, aiming to turn Kyrgyzstan into the "Switzerland of Central Asia", however, Akayev pushed through several constitutional amendments to increase his authority. Notably, a 1994 referendum approved amendments creating a new bicameral parliament, and a 2003 referendum further enhanced his powers thus leading to the Tulip Revolution in 2005 which overthrew him from power.

If you are interested to know how Akayev used important historical dates or anniversaries of national heroes, ancient cities, and myths for securing political tenure and legitimation to his regime, click here to read our free atricle "𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐬𝐤𝐚𝐫 𝐀𝐤𝐚𝐞𝐯 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐊𝐲𝐫𝐠𝐲𝐳𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟏–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟓)"

In contrast to existing nationalism studies on Central Asia, I argue that state-sponsored celebrations in Kyrgyzstan were multi-functional and were used to maintain political legitimation based on th...

06/10/2025

A nation is not a tangible entity but a shared belief system that unites millions of strangers, fostering a sense of common purpose, identity, and belonging while Nationalism is the ideology that asserts a nation has the right to govern itself, ideally within a nation-state, where the political entity (the state) and the people (the nation) are congruent.

Vatican City, is a sovereign nation-state, the world's smallest, and serves as the spiritual and administrative center for the Roman Catholic Church that was created by the Lateran Treaty of 1929, with the Pope acting as its head of state in an absolute elective monarchy. For centuries, popes held temporal power over extensive territories in central Italy known as the Papal States.

If you are interested to know more about different concepts of defining a nation with an emphasis over the the Catholic Church, click here to read our free article "𝐀𝐫𝐞 𝐂𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐚 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧? 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦"

For all their interest as social phenomena, nations and nationalism have proven to be difficult terms to define, which has resulted in a lack of consensus among scholars working on these subjects. In...

03/10/2025

Empire and nationalism have a complex, sometimes opposing and sometimes intertwined, relationship as empires are built on universalism and multi-ethnicity which often foster nationalism in subject peoples as an oppositional force, but nationalism can also spur the expansion of empires through competition and ambition for a unified, dominant culture.

German empire and nationalism are deeply intertwined, with the German Empire (1871-1918) being founded on a Prussian-dominated, militaristic nationalism that led to expansion and the establishment of a colonial empire. This aggressive form of nationalism continued into the N**i era, which saw the pursuit of a Greater German Reich and the horrific atrocities of the Holocaust.

If you are interested to explore the relation between empire and nationalism in the late German Empire and its aftermath, click here to read our article "𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐦𝐩𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐀𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐡: 𝐀 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐅𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞"

In this article I explore the relation between empire and nationalism in the late German Empire and its aftermath. I argue, from the perspective of Bourdieusian field theory and the political field, ...

29/09/2025

On this day (September 29th), 1923, the British mandate for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine was finally approved by the Council of the League of Nations and came into force.

Modern Jewish historiography refers to the historical study and narrative writing of Jewish people that emerged and evolved from the Enlightenment onwards, influenced by intellectual movements and the advent of the printing press. It differs from ancient Jewish historiography referring to the diaspora and the scattering of Jewish communities from their homeland in ancient Israel to non-Jewish lands, a process that began with the Assyrian and Babylonian exiles in the 8th and 6th centuries BCE, continued with Roman deportations after 70 CE, and intensified with later migrations.

If you want to read an analysis concerning the debate over the understanding of Jewish nationalism, between Zionist historiography in Palestine and nationalist historians in the United States, before and after the establishment of the State of Israel, click here to read our article "𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐚: 𝐉𝐞𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐇𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐚𝐬 𝐚 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠"

This study addresses the writing of Jewish history as a form of national belonging in Israel and in the Diaspora. Simon Dubnow laid the foundation for Jewish national historiography in the beginning ...

26/09/2025

Federalism in Nigeria is a system of government where power is divided between a central federal authority and 36 states, along with the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The foundation for federalism in Nigeria was laid during the colonial era and has evolved significantly over time.

Nigeria's federalism is complex and has faced challenges, particularly concerning resource allocation, ethnic tensions, and over-centralization of power.

If you are interested to know more about the impact of ethno-linguistic, ethno-regional, and ethno-religious conflicts on economic development in Nigeria, click here to read our article "𝐅𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐍𝐢𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚"

The federal solution has been widely discussed in relation to political systems where the articulation of major cleavages, differences, and pluralities threatens political integration and stability. ...

22/09/2025

Since Poland joined the EU in 2004, its citizens have gained the right to live and work freely in other member states, contributing to a shared European identity while maintaining their distinct national culture.

A Polish national identity is thought to be encompassing a complex relationship with broader European identity, often viewed through the lens of shared values, historical context, and geopolitical positioning.

Some young Poles strongly identify with their nation in a "nationalised perspective" that dominates mainstream discourse, while others embrace a cosmopolitan, Europe-oriented outlook.

If you are interested to know more about what it means to ‘be European’ for higher-educated Polish youth, click here to read our article "𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐦𝐨𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬: 𝐀 𝐌𝐢𝐱𝐞𝐝-𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬 𝐒𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐲 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐮𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐞𝐫-𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐘𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐡"

Through the combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses, this study investigates the extent to which a European identity has emerged across Europe and what it means to ‘be European’ for high...

18/09/2025

Reconciliation education in Canada involves learning the truth of residential schools and Indigenous history to foster understanding and heal the lasting impacts of colonialism on Indigenous Peoples.

Provinces and territories are responsible for updating their school curricula to include Indigenous history and contributions, as recommended by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC).

However, Canadian education for Indigenous peoples is marked by persistent gaps in attainment, especially at the post-secondary level, due to historical factors and barriers like limited access to schools in remote communities.

If you are interested in a deep analysis of public perspectives on educational initiatives to advance reconciliation with an emphasis on two Canadian provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan, click here to read our article "𝐏𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐝𝐚"

The implementation of school reforms to advance reconciliation with Indigenous peoples provides an opportunity to explore what Canadians think is important in framing their identities and values. Thi...

15/09/2025

Kurdistan in northern Iraq is an oil-rich region with substantial reserves, however, its ability to export oil internationally has been significantly impacted by political disputes and complex negotiations with the Iraqi government and international partners.

The Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) holds about 45 billion barrels of oil reserves which is considered a significant portion of Iraq's total reserves thus having a direct impact upon their call of independence.

If you are interested to know more about the link between oil and the acknowledgment of statehood in Iraqi Kurdistan employing Caspersen's “unrecognized state” definition and Krasner's concept of sovereignty, along with Pegg's definition of de facto states, click here to read our article "𝐎𝐢𝐥 𝐨𝐫 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞? 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐑𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐎𝐢𝐥 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐠𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐊𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐈𝐫𝐚𝐪𝐢 𝐊𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧"

Oil reserves hold importance not just in the realm of economic profit, but also wield significant influence in political matters throughout contemporary history (Yergin, 2011). There are numerous con...

12/09/2025

The Qemant are a small Cush*tic ethnic group in northwestern Ethiopia, specifically within the Gondar, Amhara Region. The group has struggled for ethnic recognition and faced marginalization, , with their ethnic identity not being fully recognized in the 2007 Ethiopian census, which was a significant source of discontent thus leading to displacement and conflict with the majority Amhara.

The Qemant's call for a special administrative zone to govern themselves led to violent clashes with the Amhara regional police and local communities. Attacks have caused the deaths of Qemant civilians and forced many to flee their homes, with property destruction also being a significant consequence.

If you are interested to know more the Qemant group crisis, click here to read our article "𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚-𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐄𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐚: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐐𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐦𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞"

Conflicts between the Qimant community – an intra-state minority ethnic group endogenous to Amhara state in the Ethiopian federation – and the state’s special police forces have caused hundreds of de...

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About SEN

The sources and nature of ethnic identity, minority rights, migration and identity politics remain central and recurring themes of the modern world. The journal approaches the complexity of these questions from a contemporary perspective. The journal's sole purpose is to showcase exceptional articles from up-and-coming scholars across the world, as well as concerned professionals and practitioners in government, law, NGOs and media, making it one of the first journals to provide an interdisciplinary forum for established and younger scholars alike. The journal is strictly non-partisan and does not subscribe to any particular viewpoints or perspective. All articles are fully peer-reviewed by scholars who are specialists in their respective fields.