Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism

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Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism

Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism (SEN) is a fully-refereed journal on ethnicity, race and nation

in government, law, NGOs and media, making it one of the first journals to provide an interdisciplinary forum for established and younger scholars alike. The journal is strictly non-partisan and does not subscribe to any particular viewpoints or perspective. All articles are fully peer-reviewed by scholars who are specialists in their respective fields.

29/07/2025

Inclusive education means creating learning environments where all students, regardless of their background or abilities, feel welcomed, supported, and can reach their full potential.This process involves adapting teaching methods, curriculum, and the school environment to meet the diverse needs of all learners, rather than expecting students to adapt to a one-size-fits-all system.

Quality inclusive education in Duhok, Iraq, witnessed development through a pilot project focused on teacher training and collaboration between different sectors to remove barriers to learning for all students.The project aimed to foster a common understanding of inclusive education and build strong networks between local governments and civil society.

If you are interested to read a thorough study concerning the quality of Duhok inclusive education with empahasis on students with special or individual needs, click here to read our article "𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐥𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐃𝐮𝐡𝐨𝐤 𝐠𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞, 𝐊𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐈𝐫𝐚𝐪: 𝐀𝐧 𝐨𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐲"

Inclusive education is a right for all children in every society. However, especially for children with disabilities and other risk factors, internationally the development of effective implementatio...

26/07/2025

On 14 June 2017, a high-rise fire broke out in the 24-storey Grenfell Tower block of flats in North Kensington, West London. Seventy two people died, with more than 70 injured and 223 escaping, thus making it the deadliest structural fire in the United Kingdom since the 1988 Piper Alpha oil-platform disaster and the worst UK residential fire since the Blitz of World War II.

In the Grenfell Tower fire, a significant number of victims, potentially up to 80%, identified as Muslim.The tragedy highlighted the diverse backgrounds of the tower's residents, with many having roots in various Muslim-majority countries. The Muslim community in London, particularly around Grenfell, played a crucial role in the immediate aftermath, providing support, resources, and performing funeral rites.

If you are interested to get a study about the social media activity especially Twitter in the 96 hours after the fire and how it percieved the British muslims in Grenfell, click here to read our article "𝐄𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐁𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐆𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐥𝐥: 𝐒𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐭𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫, 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐲"

The Grenfell fire catapulted North Kensington into the spotlight, an area both synonymous with immigration and social policy innovation for over a century. However, it remains under examined how this...

22/07/2025

Migration between Colombia and Venezuela has been significant and bidirectional, with Colombians historically migrating to Venezuela for various reasons, and a more recent reverse migration of Venezuelans to Colombia due to Venezuela's political and economic crisis.

Colombians began migrating to Venezuela, seeking economic opportunities and escaping conflict in addition to escaping violence, particularly during the height of the Colombian armed conflict.

If you want to get an intersting study concerning the different aspects of the migration between Venezuela and Colombia, clicke here to read our article "𝐀 𝐧𝐞𝐠𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐡𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐦𝐢𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐕𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐳𝐮𝐞𝐥𝐚"

The aim of this article is to examine migration between Venezuela and Colombia by taking the long view and thus filling a gap in the literature. Building on Thomas Nail’s 2015 book, The Figure of the...

19/07/2025

Graduate employability in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is a complex issue as the region has moved away from a system where graduation automatically guaranteed public sector jobs. The private sector is now a significant source of employment, requiring graduates to be more adaptable and possess relevant skills.

Challenges in Kurdistan stemming from a historical reliance on public sector employment, a subsequent hiring freeze, and a mismatch between graduate skills and private sector needs. Such situation highlighted the need for graduates to adapt and acquire relevant skills. Factors like language skills, specialized knowledge, and the need for entrepreneurial skills are also critical for enhancing employability.

If you are interested to get a deep study on how to recontextualise graduate employability at Kurdistan, click here to read our article "𝐑𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐨𝐲𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐞𝐝𝐚𝐠𝐨𝐠𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐊𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐧-𝐈𝐫𝐚𝐪"

In light of the high graduate unemployment rate and migrant crisis, graduate employability in the Kurdistan Region – Iraq is an ever more pressing issue. Reducing the issue of graduate employability ...

15/07/2025

A national animal is a specific animal chosen by a country to represent its unique spirit, culture, or history. These animals often serve as symbols, appearing on flags, coats of arms, or currency thus reflecting traits like strength, courage, freedom, or other qualities that a country wants to project to the world or celebrate internally.

These animals become a part of a nation's collective identity, fostering a sense of unity and shared heritage as many of them have deep roots in a nation's mythology, folklore, or historical narratives.

If you are interested to read a deep study concerning the interaction between national animals and nations in established states with an emphasis over two separatist movements: Catalonia and Flanders, click here to read our free access article "𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐧 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐥𝐝: 𝐀𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐛𝐨𝐥"

National symbols play a significant role in contemporary politics by shaping national identities. However, national animals receive little attention in the scholarship. This paper analysed the nation...

12/07/2025

Iraq has experienced multiple waves of mass displacement over the past five decades as a result of a series of conflicts and acts of violence including the Iran-Iraq War, the Gulf War, and the more recent conflict with ISIS. While armed conflict has subsided in some areas, unpredictable attacks and the presence of armed groups continue to cause new displacements. Over 1 million Iraqis remain internally displaced, and many struggle to reintegrate even after years of displacement.

Property reparations in Iraq are primarily handled through a legal framework established to compensate individuals for damages and losses during the past conflicts.This framework includes laws like Law 20 of 2009 and Law 57 of 2015, which outline procedures for claiming compensation for damaged or destroyed property. Restitution of property is also possible in cases where the property is still held by the state or individuals who benefited from positions of power.

If you are interested to have a deep analysis on the flaws and challenges of the Iraqi property reparations mechanism and its correspondance with the transitional justice perspective, click here to read our article "𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐈𝐫𝐚𝐪"

Iraq has endured decades of authoritarian rule and conflict, resulting in widespread property violations and displacement. In response, several property restitution and compensation initiatives have ...

08/07/2025

The Kurds are are one of the world's largest ethnic groups without a state of their own. They are primarily located in a mountainous region of Western Asia called Kurdistan, which spans parts of southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northeastern Syria.

Kurdish decolonization refers to the ongoing efforts to challenge and dismantle the colonial legacies and power structures that have impacted the Kurdish people and their homeland, Kurdistan which involves critically examining how Kurdish studies have been shaped by colonial narratives and advocating for a more inclusive and self-determined approach to understanding Kurdish history, culture, and politics.

If you want to have a thorough study on the decolonization of Kurdish studies, click here to read our article "𝐍𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝐊𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐬𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐭𝐲, 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐜𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭"

Click on the article title to read more.

06/07/2025

The Dawn Watch is a commemoration held in northern Cyprus, marking the anniversary of Turkey's military operation in 1974. It begins on the evening of July 19th and concludes at dawn on July 20th, the date of the operation's start. The event is held on the beach where Turkish soldiers first landed.

The Dawn Watch is considered a relatively new commemoration, first held in 2010, 36 years after the 1974 operation. It's designed to be a ritualistic way for Turkish Cypriots to engage with their nationalist narrative, viewing the operation as a step towards statehood and independence which makes it serves as a dual commemoration, celebrating the operation as a liberation while also mourning those who lost their lives.

If you are interested to know more about The Dawn Watch commemoration from a thorough prespective, click here to read our article "𝐀𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐢𝐧 𝐰𝐚𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠: 𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐨𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐧𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐥 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐂𝐲𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐭 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧"

This paper focuses on the Dawn Watch commemoration in northern Cyprus that has been organised since 2010 to mark the anniversary of Turkey's military operation/invasion on 20 July 1974. I argue that ...

03/07/2025

On July 3rd, 1608, Québec was founded by Samuel de Champlain making it one of the oldest European settlements in North America. Québec was the heart of the French colony of Canada from 1534 to 1763, making it a significant part of New France's history. Samuel de Champlain established a trading post and played a crucial role in the development of New France as an administrative and political center.

Quebec nationalism is a political doctrine and feeling centered around the idea of the Québécois nation often linked to their French-Canadian heritage and language emphasizing cultural belonging, defense of its interests, and political legitimacy. It has been a significant force in Quebec politics since the 19th century, evolving through various political, ideological, and partisan expressions.

If you are interested to get a deep analysis on the two main perspectives on nationalism in Québec: Liberal Pluralists & Republican-Conservatives, click here to read iur article "𝐔𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐍𝐞𝐱𝐮𝐬'𝐬 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐐𝐮é𝐛𝐞𝐜"

This article proposes a critical analysis of the historical and ideological process that has led to the recently-defunct Parti québécois' (PQ) Charte de la laïcité. It shows that this legislative pro...

30/06/2025

The United States World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001 and their aftermath awakened the world on the laws, methods, policies, investigation, and prosecution in response to terrorism thus changing the way states responded to terrorism, either at the domestic or global levels.

The Kurdistan Region of Iraq has its own counter-terrorism legislation, notably the Anti-Terrorism Law (No. 3) of 2006, which was valid for ten years from its enactment. This law defines terrorism as the organized use of violence, or the threat of violence, with the aim of spreading fear, chaos, or jeopardizing security.

If you want to have a deep analysis concerning the counter-terrorism laws in Kurdstan using doctrinal legal methodology through analyzing data thematically, click here to read our article "𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐢-𝐓𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐦 𝐋𝐚𝐰𝐬: 𝐀𝐧 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫-𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐦 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐬𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐊𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧, 𝐈𝐫𝐚𝐪"

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Terrorism is not a new phenomenon. Nevertheless, since September 11, 2001, it appears that there has been a global consensus on the need for a more uniform and comprehensive response to terrorism. Th...

27/06/2025

𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐏𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐀𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐭 !

Far-right social movements are characterized by their opposition to social and political change, often promoting nativism, nationalism, and authoritarianism. The resurgence of such movements across liberal democracies has emerged as one of the most consequential political shifts of the early 21st century as many political analysts believe that far-right actors have capitalized on economic anxieties, international insecurities, and perceived failures of established political parties to address issues such as immigration, globalization, and social integration.

Alternative for Germany (Alternative für Deutschland) is a far-right, right-wing populist and national-conservative political party in Germany that has experienced substantial growth since its founding in 2013, transitioning from a Eurosceptic stance to a far-right party.

If you want to have a deep analysis for interpreting the collective action of far-right social movements and better understanding for the motivations driving its adherents to participate in collective action through sociological and historical research perspective, click here to read our newly published article "𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐚𝐫-𝐑𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐭𝐡𝐧𝐨-𝐂𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐤𝐬𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧"

The resurgence of far-right social movements across liberal democracies has emerged as one of the most consequential political shifts of the early 21st century. The growing mobilization of the far ri...

23/06/2025

National identity is a person's sense of belonging to a nation, shaped by shared culture, traditions, language, and history fostering a sense of shared destiny and purpose.

Some political researchers have refered recently in the past years to a "national identity crisis" related to the consequences of the pandemic where a significant portion of a nation's population experiences a weakening or fragmentation of their shared sense of belonging and identity. Political researchers study this phenomenon to understand its causes, consequences, and potential implications for political stability and social cohesion.

If you want to have a deep analysis concerning the meaning of concepts of crisis and national identity with the correspondance of the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, click here to read our article "𝐈𝐬 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐬? 𝐀𝐧 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐲 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎𝐬"

The current context of a worldwide pandemic has once again sparked debate about the bleak future of nationalism. For those who support this view, the fact that long-lasting national identities are be...

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About SEN

The sources and nature of ethnic identity, minority rights, migration and identity politics remain central and recurring themes of the modern world. The journal approaches the complexity of these questions from a contemporary perspective. The journal's sole purpose is to showcase exceptional articles from up-and-coming scholars across the world, as well as concerned professionals and practitioners in government, law, NGOs and media, making it one of the first journals to provide an interdisciplinary forum for established and younger scholars alike. The journal is strictly non-partisan and does not subscribe to any particular viewpoints or perspective. All articles are fully peer-reviewed by scholars who are specialists in their respective fields.