Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism

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Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism

Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism (SEN) is a fully-refereed journal on ethnicity, race and nation

in government, law, NGOs and media, making it one of the first journals to provide an interdisciplinary forum for established and younger scholars alike. The journal is strictly non-partisan and does not subscribe to any particular viewpoints or perspective. All articles are fully peer-reviewed by scholars who are specialists in their respective fields.

29/11/2025

Nationalism in stateless nations is the desire for a nation to achieve self-determination, often by forming their own independent state, even though they lack sovereignty and state institutions. This often involves a struggle for cultural, political, and economic control against the existing states they reside in; thus factors like globalization and supranational organizations can sometimes complicate or fuel these nationalist movements, leading to conflicts or solidarity between stateless nations.

Stateless nations frequently face political marginalization and economic challenges within the states that contain them. Their nationalism is a response to this lack of power and their desire to control their own affairs. Also, the international system and globalization can be both obstacles and tools for these movements. The desire for self-determination is often denied due to the geopolitical interests of existing states.

If you are interested to know more about the approach of nationalism in staeless nations, click here to read our article "𝐄𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦𝐬’? 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬"

In today’s seemingly ever-globalizing societies, nationalism remains a potent force, most recently illustrated by national governments’ responses to the COVID-19 crisis. Even though nationalism and i...

25/11/2025

𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐏𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐀𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐭 !

A social movement is a large group of people organized to promote or resist social change. They are collective efforts to achieve a social or political goal, often through sustained activities like protests, rallies, and strikes.

Social movements in the Basque Country have primarily revolved around Basque nationalism, seeking independence, greater autonomy, or preservation of the Basque identity and culture starting from the late 19th century to include a wide range of political, social, and cultural activities, adapting to new conditions after the Franco regime.

The Basque autonomous community has an informal concept of "regional citizenship" based on social and civic policies that grant social rights and promote integration to immigrants and residents, despite not being a distinct legal status.

If you are interested to know more about understanding the relationship between social movements and the idea of citizenship with focusing on the Basque Country, click here to read our newly published article "

"𝐂𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐳𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐱𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦: 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐬 𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐞 𝐒𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐌𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬"

This paper contributes to knowledge about social movements' visions of citizenship. The aim is twofold: on the one hand, to offer an analysis of how social movements understand the subjective and obj...

21/11/2025

𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐏𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐀𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐭 !

Rojava, officially known as the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (DAANES or AANES), is a de facto autonomous region in northeastern Syria. It gained self-governance during the Syrian Civil War and is known for its unique political model based on democratic confederalism, which emphasizes grassroots democracy, gender equality, and ethnic inclusivity.

Environmental politics in Rojava are driven by a complex interplay of conflict-linked environmental degradation, water scarcity, a unique governance model based on social ecology, and international research initiatives. Over a decade of conflict has severely damaged environmental infrastructure, including water and sanitation systems. War has also led to widespread deforestation and oil pollution from primitive refining operations.

If you are interested to know more about the interplay between armed conflict and environmental change in the region, click here to read our free access article "𝐄𝐧𝐯𝐢𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐚/𝐑𝐨𝐣𝐚𝐯𝐚: 𝐀 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰"

This article presents a scoping and conceptual literature review on environmental politics in North and East Syria/Rojava. The review aims to synthesize existing academic research in English on the i...

19/11/2025

𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐏𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐀𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐭 !

Minoritized languages are languages that are marginalized, suppressed, or disadvantaged through social and political processes, regardless of the number of speakers.

Galician is considered a minoritized language because despite being spoken by the majority of people in its native region of Galicia, it faces challenges due to a break in its intergenerational transmission and a lower social prestige compared to Spanish. However, the internet has an increasing presence for the Galician language, with online content, browsers, and social networks increasingly supporting it.

If you are interested to know more about the complexities of minoritized language communities' practices on the Internet and their role in the reproduction of language ideologies, click here to read our free access article "𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐍𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐬: 𝐌𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐳𝐞𝐝 𝐋𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐃𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐂𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧'𝐬 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐢𝐞𝐬: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞"

By focusing on Galician-language online content creation through a corpus of semistructured interviews with eight professional and semiprofessional influencers, this paper examines how language ideol...

06/11/2025

Kurds and the Palestinians are two of the world’s largest ‘nations without states’. Palestinian and Kurdish nationalism are both movements for self-determination and statehood, but they have different contexts as Kurdish nationalism focuses on creating an independent Kurdistan from parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, while Palestinian nationalism centers on establishing a Palestinian state in the historical region of Palestine.

Palestinian identity is heavily defined by refugee status and the demand for a right of return, a characteristic not shared by Kurds to the same extent as their territories are divided among several countries, leading to a long history of oppression and conflict, though some areas have achieved autonomy.

If you want to know more about the efforts of the Palestinians and the Kurds to obtain recognition while comparing the constraints faced by these two groups as non-state actors, click here to read our free article "𝐏𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐊𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦: 𝐔𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 ‘𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞’"

This article compares the efforts of the Palestinians and the Kurds – the two largest stateless nations in the Middle East – to obtain recognition. While Kurdish movements are spread across four coun...

01/11/2025

The EU guarantees migrant children's rights through international and EU law, including the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, which ensure they have the same protections as all children. Key guarantees include the European Child Guarantee for access to services like healthcare, education, and childcare, specific protections for unaccompanied children, and procedural safeguards in migration processes like the right to be heard and have their best interests considered.

However, there are primary challenges to guaranteeing migrant children's rights in the EU include a focus on migration control over child protection, inconsistent implementation of EU laws across member states, the practice of detention at borders, and inadequate reception conditions and support services.

If you want to know more about the gap between international and EU guarantees of migrant children’s rights and nation-state’s policies and practices concerning the integration of migrant children, click here to read our free article "𝐖𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐧? 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐔 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐌𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬’ 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧"

A gap exists between the EU’s professed guarantees of the rights of migrant children and Member States’ individual practices concerning integration. The EU promotes policies claiming to be based on t...

27/10/2025

West Papua is the Indonesian half of the island of New Guinea, encompassing multiple provinces rich in biodiversity and indigenous cultures. The region of Western New Guinea is divided into six provinces: Central Papua, Highland Papua, Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and the province of West Papua itself, with Manokwari as its capital.

The history of West Papua is defined by indigenous resilience, European colonialism, a controversial transfer to Indonesian rule, and a long-running independence movement marked by human rights concerns. Indonesia's Papua region is home to a diverse array of ethnic groups, including over 200 distinct Indigenous Papuan peoples who speak numerous Papuan languages and represent the majority of the population in some areas.

Papuan nationalism adopted pan-Africanism as a diplomatic and ideological tool to build international support for decolonization against Indonesian rule. By framing themselves as a "Black" nation, Papuan nationalists sought to gain solidarity with the broader global anti-colonial movement, which was heavily influenced by African independence struggles.

If you are interested to know more about the way Papuan non-state diplomats deployed ideas of race to claim a new Pan-African identity, click here to read our article "𝐏𝐚𝐧-𝐀𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜: 𝐑𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐖𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐏𝐚𝐩𝐮𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲"

This paper examines the discourse of racial difference in the arena of global decolonization, examining the case of the Indonesian territory which is today known as Papua and until 1962 was a Dutch c...

23/10/2025

𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐏𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐀𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐭 !

The Biafran War, also known as the Nigerian Civil War, was a conflict from 1967 to 1970 between Nigeria's government and the self-declared Republic of Biafra. It emerged from ethnic, religious, and economic tensions following Nigeria's independence from Britain. The war led to a severe humanitarian crisis caused by a blockade,ending with Biafra's reintegration into Nigeria.

"IPOB people" refers to members of the Indigenous People of Biafra , a separatist organization in Nigeria advocating for the restoration of an independent state of Biafra from the country's southeastern region. The group's activities have included protests, political agitation, and calls for secession, and its activities have been met with a strong opposition from the Nigerian government, leading to a period of violence and conflict.

If you want to have a deep study about discourses on the factors sustaining the conflicts and how these factors frame IPOB resistance in southeastern Nigeria, click here to read our newly published article "𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐡𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐈𝐏𝐎𝐁 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞: 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭 𝐃𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐠𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧 𝐍𝐢𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚"

This study examines the implicit motivations of the Indigenous Peoples of Biafra (IPOB) armed struggle in Southeastern Nigeria. Conventional perspectives have usually focused on evident structural is...

18/10/2025

𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐏𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐀𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐭 !

The most popular social media platforms in Pakistan include Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, Instagram, and WhatsApp, which are widely used for personal, social, and business purposes. Other platforms like X (formerly Twitter) and LinkedIn also have significant user bases, with YouTube leading in usage and TikTok seeing explosive growth, especially among younger audiences.

Minorities constitute about 3-4% of Pakistan's population, with Muslims making up over 96%. Pakistan's religious minorities include Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, and smaller groups like the Kalasha and Parsis. While constitutionally protected, these communities face significant challenges including discrimination, violence, forced conversions, and social exclusion, with issues like blasphemy accusations often leading to mob violence.

Religious minorities frequently report experiencing online negativity, including derogatory language, abuse, and death threats on social media platforms.

If you are interested to know more about how hate speech is constructed and directed toward religious minorities in Pakistan through social media platforms, click here to read our newly published article "𝐅𝐚𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐔𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞: 𝐎𝐧𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐇𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐓𝐨𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐌𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐏𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧'𝐬 𝐃𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐍𝐞𝐰𝐬 𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬"

Social media platforms have emerged as critical spaces for public discourse in Pakistan, yet they also amplify hate speech against religious minorities, notably Ahmadis, Christians and Hindus. This s...

13/10/2025

Hans Kohn argued that nationalism is a modern phenomenon, not an innate human trait, defining it as a "state of mind" where the supreme loyalty is to the nation-state. His argument was considered the dichotomy between "civic Western" and "ethnic Eastern" nationalism, which contrasts liberal, political-civic nationalism with illiberal, organic, and ethnic nationalism.

Kohn saw the French Revolution as the key event that forged a new kind of modern nationalism thus arguing that French nationalism represented the "Western" or "civic" model of nationalism, which is based on liberal, democratic, and territorial principles.

If you want to read a detailed argument for Kohn's theory concerning the French national model, click here to read our article "𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐜 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬: 𝐂𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐢𝐧 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞"

This article discusses Hans Kohn's argument that civic nations pay little attention to cultural claims in their definition and practice of citizenship, by looking at the political system in France an...

10/10/2025

Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia shareing borders with Kazakhstan, China, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.

Kyrgyzstan declared independence on August 31, 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union with Askar Akayev serving as their first president until he was overthrown during the Tulip Revolution in 2005.

Akayev was elected president in 1990 and was seen as a promising leader in the post-Soviet era. He supported political and economic liberalization, aiming to turn Kyrgyzstan into the "Switzerland of Central Asia", however, Akayev pushed through several constitutional amendments to increase his authority. Notably, a 1994 referendum approved amendments creating a new bicameral parliament, and a 2003 referendum further enhanced his powers thus leading to the Tulip Revolution in 2005 which overthrew him from power.

If you are interested to know how Akayev used important historical dates or anniversaries of national heroes, ancient cities, and myths for securing political tenure and legitimation to his regime, click here to read our free atricle "𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐬𝐤𝐚𝐫 𝐀𝐤𝐚𝐞𝐯 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐊𝐲𝐫𝐠𝐲𝐳𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟏–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟓)"

In contrast to existing nationalism studies on Central Asia, I argue that state-sponsored celebrations in Kyrgyzstan were multi-functional and were used to maintain political legitimation based on th...

06/10/2025

A nation is not a tangible entity but a shared belief system that unites millions of strangers, fostering a sense of common purpose, identity, and belonging while Nationalism is the ideology that asserts a nation has the right to govern itself, ideally within a nation-state, where the political entity (the state) and the people (the nation) are congruent.

Vatican City, is a sovereign nation-state, the world's smallest, and serves as the spiritual and administrative center for the Roman Catholic Church that was created by the Lateran Treaty of 1929, with the Pope acting as its head of state in an absolute elective monarchy. For centuries, popes held temporal power over extensive territories in central Italy known as the Papal States.

If you are interested to know more about different concepts of defining a nation with an emphasis over the the Catholic Church, click here to read our free article "𝐀𝐫𝐞 𝐂𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐚 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧? 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦"

For all their interest as social phenomena, nations and nationalism have proven to be difficult terms to define, which has resulted in a lack of consensus among scholars working on these subjects. In...

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About SEN

The sources and nature of ethnic identity, minority rights, migration and identity politics remain central and recurring themes of the modern world. The journal approaches the complexity of these questions from a contemporary perspective. The journal's sole purpose is to showcase exceptional articles from up-and-coming scholars across the world, as well as concerned professionals and practitioners in government, law, NGOs and media, making it one of the first journals to provide an interdisciplinary forum for established and younger scholars alike. The journal is strictly non-partisan and does not subscribe to any particular viewpoints or perspective. All articles are fully peer-reviewed by scholars who are specialists in their respective fields.