
31/08/2025
Memory of the Rif:: On this day, August 31, 1925, the Spanish general Primo de Rivera, together with the French generals Philippe Pétain and Robert Georges, and the Sultan of Morocco, in the city of Algeciras, devised a joint action plan to put an end to the Rif Republic, which was under the presidency of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi.”
References and authors:
María Rosa de Madariaga, Abd el-Krim el Jatabi y la República del Rif (Alianza Editorial, 2009) — a fundamental work on the figure of Abd el-Krim and the context of the Rif War.
Sebastian Balfour, Deadly Embrace: Morocco and the Road to the Spanish Civil War (Ed. Península, 2002) — analyzes the impact of the Rif War on Spain and Franco-Spanish collaboration.
David S. Woolman, Rebels in the Rif (Stanford University Press, 1968) — a classic study of the Rif resistance.
Daniel Rivet, Lyautey et l’institution du protectorat français au Maroc (1912-1925) (L’Harmattan, 1988) — provides the French context and Pétain’s involvement.