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29/08/2026

āĻāχāϟāĻž āϏāĻ•āϞ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āϞ⧋āĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āωāϚāĻŋā§Ž, āĻāϤ⧇ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ⧇ āφāϰ āĻ…āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽāĻĻ⧇āϰ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

16/08/2026

CIVIL ENGINEERING DICTIONARY — B

Part 5 — B125 to B150

B125. Buttress

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϠ⧇āĻ•āύāĻž āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ / āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ• āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ

Definition:
A buttress is a projecting structure built against a wall to strengthen it and resist lateral forces.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞāϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ support āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Buttress āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Retaining wall

Masonry wall

Large buildings

Dam structures

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B126. Buttressed Wall

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: Buttress-āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ

Definition:
A buttressed wall is a wall strengthened by projecting supports called buttresses.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
āϝ⧇ wall-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāϰ buttress āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ lateral pressure āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Buttressed Wall āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž:

Wall stability āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇

Bending āĻ•āĻŽāĻžā§Ÿ

Lateral pressure resist āĻ•āϰ⧇

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B127. Bypass

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĒāĻĨ / āĻŦāĻžāχāĻĒāĻžāϏ

Definition:
A bypass is an alternative route constructed to divert traffic around a congested or developed area.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
āĻļāĻšāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āύāĻž āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ traffic āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋ BypassāĨ¤

āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ:

Traffic congestion āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋

Travel time āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋

Main city road-āĻāϰ āϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋

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B128. Bypass Road

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āϏ⧜āĻ•

Definition:
A bypass road is a road constructed around a town, city, or congested area to divert through traffic.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
āĻļāĻšāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžāύāĻŦāĻžāĻšāύ āϚāϞāĻžāϚāϞ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋ Bypass RoadāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Highway āĻ“ urban traffic managementāĨ¤

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B129. Bypass Channel

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻšā§āϝāĻžāύ⧇āϞ

Definition:
A bypass channel is a channel constructed to divert water around an obstruction or particular section.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ channel āĻšāϞ⧋ Bypass ChannelāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Drainage

Irrigation

Flood control

River engineering

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B130. By-product

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āωāĻĒāϜāĻžāϤ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ

Definition:
A by-product is a secondary material produced during the manufacture or processing of another primary product.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ material āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϝ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ material āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ By-product āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Civil Engineering Examples:

Fly ash

Blast furnace slag

Bottom ash

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Concrete, cement, road construction āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇āĨ¤

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B131. Boring Log

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĄā§āϰāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻ‚ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ

Definition:
A boring log is a record of soil layers, groundwater conditions, and test results obtained from a borehole.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
Borehole āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϕ⧋āύ depth-āĻ āϕ⧋āύ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ soil, groundwater level āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ test result āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϗ⧇āϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ record āĻšāϞ⧋ Boring LogāĨ¤

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ:

Depth

Soil type

SPT N-value

Groundwater level

Sample details

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B132. Bore Log

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: Borehole-āĻāϰ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ

Definition:
A bore log is a documented record describing the subsurface conditions encountered during drilling.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋāϰ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ layer āĻ“ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ properties-āĻāϰ drilling record āĻšāϞ⧋ Bore LogāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Geotechnical investigationāĨ¤

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B133. Borehole Log

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: Borehole-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āϞāĻ—

Definition:
A borehole log is a graphical or written record of the geological and geotechnical conditions encountered in a borehole.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
Borehole-āĻāϰ depth āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ soil/rock layer, SPT āĻ“ groundwater-āĻāϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ⧇āϰ chart āĻŦāĻž record āĻšāϞ⧋ Borehole LogāĨ¤

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B134. Borehole Water

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: Borehole-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ

Definition:
Borehole water is groundwater encountered within a drilled borehole.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
Soil investigation-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ borehole-āĻāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ groundwater āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Borehole Water āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ:
Foundation design āĻ“ groundwater control-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

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B135. Bottom-up Construction

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āύāĻŋāϚ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ

Definition:
Bottom-up construction is a construction method in which the foundation and lower levels are constructed first, followed by the upper levels.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡ foundation, āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ basement/ground floor āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϧāĻžāĻĒ⧇ āϧāĻžāĻĒ⧇ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ floor āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϕ⧇ Bottom-up Construction āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ sequence:

Foundation → Ground Floor → Upper Floors → Roof

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B136. Boundary Condition

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāύāĻž āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ

Definition:
A boundary condition is a specified condition at the boundary of a structural, mathematical, or physical system.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
Structure āĻŦāĻž analysis-āĻāϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ boundary/support-āĻ āϕ⧀ condition āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻž Boundary Condition āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Structural Examples:

Fixed Support

Hinged Support

Roller Support

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B137. Boundary Layer

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāύāĻž āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ

Definition:
A boundary layer is the thin region near a solid surface where fluid velocity changes significantly due to friction.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
Pipe āĻŦāĻž āϕ⧋āύ⧋ solid surface-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻŋ fluid-āĻāϰ velocity āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϤāϞāĻž āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞāϕ⧇ Boundary Layer āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, AerodynamicsāĨ¤

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B138. Boundary Wall

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āϰ

Definition:
A boundary wall is a wall constructed around a property or site to define and protect its boundary.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϜāĻŽāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž project site-āĻāϰ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāύāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϝ⧇ wall āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Boundary Wall āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Residential, commercial, industrial āĻ“ institutional siteāĨ¤

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B139. Boundary Survey

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāύāĻž āϜāϰāĻŋāĻĒ

Definition:
A boundary survey is a survey conducted to determine and establish the legal boundaries of a property.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
āϜāĻŽāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāύāĻž, corner point āĻ“ boundary line āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ survey āĻšāϞ⧋ Boundary SurveyāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Land development

Building construction

Property demarcation

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B140. Bow String Girder

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: Bow-string āφāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ Girder

Definition:
A bow-string girder is a structural girder consisting of a curved or polygonal top chord connected to a relatively straight bottom chord.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ chord āĻŦāĻžāρāĻ•āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ chord āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āϏ⧋āϜāĻžâ€”āĻāĻŽāύ structural girder-āϕ⧇ Bow String Girder āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Bridges

Roof structures

Large-span structures

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B141. Box Drain

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϏ āφāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ Drain

Definition:
A box drain is a rectangular or square-shaped drainage structure, usually constructed of reinforced concrete.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
Rectangular RCC section-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻļāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ drain āĻšāϞ⧋ Box DraināĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Road drainage

Stormwater drainage

Urban drainage

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B142. Box Section Column

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: Box Section Column

Definition:
A box section column is a structural column having a hollow square or rectangular cross-section.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
Square/rectangular hollow steel section āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ column āĻšāϞ⧋ Box Section ColumnāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Steel structure, industrial building, bridge āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇āĨ¤

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B143. Box-Type Foundation

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: Box āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ Foundation

Definition:
A box-type foundation is a foundation system having a closed or box-like reinforced concrete structure to distribute loads.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
RCC-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ box-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ foundation structure āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ load distribute āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Box-Type Foundation āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ foundation āĻ“ heavy structures-āĻāĨ¤

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B144. Brick Lintel

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ Lintel

Definition:
A brick lintel is a lintel constructed using bricks to support masonry above an opening.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
Door āĻŦāĻž window opening-āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ brick āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āϛ⧋āϟ supporting structure āĻšāϞ⧋ Brick LintelāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Traditional masonry constructionāĨ¤

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B145. Brick Arch

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻ–āĻŋāϞāĻžāύ

Definition:
A brick arch is a curved structural form constructed with bricks to span an opening and transfer loads to its supports.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
Door, window āĻŦāĻž passage-āĻāϰ opening-āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ curved shape-āĻ brick āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ load-carrying structure āĻšāϞ⧋ Brick ArchāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ:

Voussoirs

Crown

Springing

Intrados

Extrados

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B146. Brick Cavity Wall

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻĢāĻžāρāĻ•āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ

Definition:
A brick cavity wall consists of two masonry leaves separated by a cavity.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ brick wall-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ air gap/āĻĢāĻžāρāĻ•āĻž space āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ wall āĻšāϞ⧋ Brick Cavity WallāĨ¤

āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž:

Dampness āĻ•āĻŽāĻžā§Ÿ

Thermal insulation āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻžā§Ÿ

Sound insulation āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇

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B147. Brick Veneer

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āφāĻŦāϰāĻŖ

Definition:
Brick veneer is a thin layer of brick used as a non-structural facing attached to a structural wall.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
āĻŽā§‚āϞ structural wall-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻ“ protection-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāϤāϞāĻž brick layer āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Brick Veneer āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ:
Brick veneer āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ load-bearing āύ⧟āĨ¤

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B148. Brick Foundation

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ

Definition:
A brick foundation is a foundation constructed using brick masonry to transfer building loads to the soil.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
Brick masonry āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ foundation, āϝāĻž building-āĻāϰ load soil-āĻ transfer āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Low-rise āĻ“ traditional construction-āĻ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

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B149. Brick Partition Wall

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϜāĻ• āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ

Definition:
A brick partition wall is a wall used to divide internal spaces within a building.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ room āĻŦāĻž building-āĻāϰ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ⧇āϰ space āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ brick wall āĻšāϞ⧋ Brick Partition WallāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Room division, office, residential buildingāĨ¤

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B150. Brick Paving

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ Pavement

Definition:
Brick paving is the use of bricks or paving bricks to form a durable surface for pedestrian or light-traffic areas.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
Walkway, footpath āĻŦāĻž courtyard-āĻāϰ surface āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāϤ⧇ paving brick āĻŦāĻŋāĻ›āĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšāϞ⧋ Brick PavingāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Footpath

Walkway

Courtyard

Landscaping

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15/08/2026

☞ CIVIL ENGINEERING DICTIONARY — B

Part 5 | B125–B150

B125. Buttress

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϠ⧇āĻ•āύāĻž āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ / āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹

Definition: A buttress is a projecting structural support built against a wall to strengthen it and resist lateral forces.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞāϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ projecting support āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Buttress āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ:

Lateral pressure resist āĻ•āϰāĻž

Wall-āĻāϰ stability āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž

Bending āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋

Retaining wall support āĻ•āϰāĻž

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Retaining wall, masonry wall, hydraulic structure āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇āĨ¤

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B126. Buttressed Wall

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: Buttress-āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ

Definition: A buttressed wall is a wall strengthened by projecting buttresses placed at intervals along its length.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ wall-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ›āύ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāϰ triangular/rectangular support āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋ Buttressed WallāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Retaining wall

High masonry wall

Water-retaining structure

Heavy lateral load-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: Buttress wall-āĻāϰ bending āĻ“ overturning resistance āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

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B127. Bypass

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĒāĻĨ / āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻĒāĻĨ

Definition: A bypass is an alternative route constructed to divert traffic around a congested or restricted area.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻļāĻšāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āύāĻž āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ traffic āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ route āĻšāϞ⧋ BypassāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ:

Traffic congestion āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋

Travel time āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋

Through traffic āĻļāĻšāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž

Road safety āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž

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B128. Bypass Road

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āϏ⧜āĻ•

Definition: A bypass road is a road constructed around a town, city, or congested area to divert through traffic.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻļāĻšāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻž āĻā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ road āĻšāϞ⧋ Bypass RoadāĨ¤

Design Consideration:

Traffic volume

Design speed

Horizontal alignment

Vertical alignment

Pavement thickness

Drainage

Intersection

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻļāĻšāϰ⧇āϰ āϝāĻžāύāϜāϟ āĻā§œāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻļāĻšāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ road construction āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

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B129. Bypass Channel

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻšā§āϝāĻžāύ⧇āϞ

Definition: A bypass channel is a channel constructed to divert water around an obstruction, construction area, or hydraulic structure.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻžāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϝ⧇ channel āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋāχ Bypass ChannelāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Dam construction

Canal construction

River training

Temporary diversion

Flood control

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: Construction-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŽā§‚āϞ water flow āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāϪ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

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B130. By-product

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āωāĻĒāϜāĻžāϤ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ

Definition: A by-product is a secondary material produced during the manufacturing or processing of another primary product.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ material āĻŦāĻž product āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ product-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āϝ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ material āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ By-product āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Civil Engineering-āĻāϰ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

Fly Ash

Blast Furnace Slag

Rice Husk Ash

Steel Slag

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ by-product cement replacement, road construction, filling āĻŦāĻž soil stabilization-āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

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B131. Boring Log

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĄā§āϰāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻ‚ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ

Definition: A boring log is a detailed record of soil layers, groundwater conditions, boring depth, and test results obtained during subsurface investigation.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇ āĻ•āϤ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ⧇ āϕ⧀ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ soil āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϗ⧇āϛ⧇, SPT N-value āĻ•āϤ, groundwater āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿâ€”āĻāϏāĻŦ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ⧇āϰ record āĻšāϞ⧋ Boring LogāĨ¤

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ:

Depth

Soil type

SPT N-value

Groundwater level

Sample details

Rock layer

Test results

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Foundation design āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ geotechnical investigation-āĻāĨ¤

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B132. Bore Log

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: Borehole-āĻāϰ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ

Definition: A bore log is a documented record describing subsurface soil or rock conditions encountered during boring.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Borehole āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ depth āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ soil/rock layer-āĻāϰ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋāχ Bore LogāĨ¤

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

Depth Soil

0–2 m Fill soil
2–6 m Silty clay
6–12 m Dense sand
12 m+ Hard layer

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Foundation type āĻ“ depth āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ•āĨ¤

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B133. Borehole Log

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: Borehole-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āϞāĻ—

Definition: A borehole log is a graphical or written record of geological and geotechnical conditions encountered along the depth of a borehole.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Borehole-āĻāϰ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ depth āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻŦāϰ āϕ⧋āύ layer āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ, soil classification āϕ⧀, SPT āĻ•āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ groundwater āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿâ€”āϏāĻŦāĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ chart āĻšāϞ⧋ Borehole LogāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ:

Soil profile

Layer thickness

SPT-N

Sample type

Groundwater

Rock description

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: Geotechnical report-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĨ¤

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B134. Borehole Water

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: Borehole-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ / āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ

Definition: Borehole water is groundwater encountered or collected within a drilled borehole.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ⧇ boring āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ borehole-āĻāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ groundwater āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Borehole Water āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ:

Foundation excavation

Pile construction

Basement construction

Dewatering design

Site Check: Groundwater level āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ seasonal variation record āĻ•āϰāĻž āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

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B135. Bottom-up Construction

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āύāĻŋāϚ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ

Definition: Bottom-up construction is a construction method in which the foundation and lower levels are constructed first, followed progressively by the upper levels.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Building construction āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Foundation → Ground Floor → Upper Floor → Roof āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ āύāĻŋāϚ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋ Bottom-up ConstructionāĨ¤

āϧāĻžāĻĒ:

Excavation → Foundation → Basement/Ground Floor → Upper Floors → Roof

āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž:

Conventional construction

āϏāĻšāϜ supervision

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ building-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āωāĻĒāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§€

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B136. Boundary Condition

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāύāĻž āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ

Definition: A boundary condition is a specified condition imposed at the boundary of a structural, mathematical, or physical system.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Structural analysis-āĻ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ member-āĻāϰ support āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‡â€”Fixed, Hinged, Roller āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ—āϤāĻž Boundary Condition āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

Fixed Support

Pin/Hinged Support

Roller Support

Free End

Structural Analysis-āĻ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: Boundary condition āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻšāϞ⧇ reaction, bending moment, deflection āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ structural behaviour āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

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B137. Boundary Layer

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāύāĻž āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ

Definition: A boundary layer is the thin region of fluid adjacent to a solid surface where fluid velocity changes significantly due to viscous effects.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ pipe āĻŦāĻž solid surface-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻŋ fluid-āĻāϰ velocity friction-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞāϕ⧇ Boundary Layer āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Fluid Mechanics

Open Channel Flow

Pipe Flow

Aerodynamics

Hydraulic Structures

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: Flow resistance āĻ“ friction loss āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ Boundary Layer āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

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B138. Boundary Wall

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āϰ

Definition: A boundary wall is a wall constructed along the boundary of a property or site to define, protect, and secure the area.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋ, factory, plot āĻŦāĻž site-āĻāϰ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāύāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϝ⧇ wall āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋ Boundary WallāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ:

Property boundary āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ

Security

Privacy

Site protection

āωāĻĒāĻ•āϰāĻŖ:

Brick masonry

RCC

Concrete block

Steel fencing

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B139. Boundary Survey

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāύāĻž āϜāϰāĻŋāĻĒ

Definition: A boundary survey is a survey conducted to determine, establish, and mark the legal or physical boundaries of a property.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āϜāĻŽāĻŋāϰ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāύāĻž, corner point āĻ“ boundary line āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ survey āĻšāϞ⧋ Boundary SurveyāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ:

1. Existing survey records āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻš

2. Control point āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ

3. Boundary point locate āĻ•āϰāĻž

4. Measurement āύ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž

5. Boundary line mark āĻ•āϰāĻž

6. Survey plan āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Land development, building construction, property subdivision āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇āĨ¤

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B140. Bow String Girder

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: Bow-string āφāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ Girder

Definition: A bow-string girder is a girder having a curved or polygonal top chord connected to a relatively straight bottom chord.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻž āϧāύ⧁āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ girder—āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻŦāĻžāρāĻ•āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧋āϜāĻžāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ:

Top chord

Bottom chord

Vertical/diagonal members

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Bridge āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ long-span structural systems-āĻāĨ¤

āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž: Long span efficiently cover āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

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B141. Box Drain

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϏ āφāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ Drain

Definition: A box drain is a rectangular or square drainage structure, commonly constructed using reinforced concrete.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Rectangular RCC structure-āĻāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Box Drain āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ:

Top slab

Side walls

Bottom slab

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Road drainage

Stormwater drainage

Urban drainage

Road crossing

Site Check: Invert level, slope, reinforcement, concrete quality āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ water flow passage āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

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B142. Box Section Column

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: Box Section-āĻāϰ Column

Definition: A box section column is a structural column having a hollow square or rectangular cross-section.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Square/rectangular hollow steel section āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ column āĻšāϞ⧋ Box Section ColumnāĨ¤

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

□ → Hollow rectangular/square section

āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž:

Good axial load capacity

āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇āχ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ stiffness

Architectural appearance āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋

Fabrication āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āϏāĻšāϜ

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Steel building, canopy, industrial structure āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇āĨ¤

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B143. Box-Type Foundation

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: Box āφāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ Foundation

Definition: A box-type foundation is a foundation system constructed in a closed or box-like reinforced concrete form to distribute structural loads.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Foundation-āĻāϰ slab āĻ“ walls āĻŽāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ box-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ closed structural system āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Box-Type Foundation āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Heavy structures

Basement structures

Special foundation systems

Poor soil condition-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: Load distribution, soil pressure āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ buoyancy āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ design āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

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B144. Brick Lintel

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ Lintel

Definition: A brick lintel is a horizontal structural or semi-structural element constructed using bricks to support masonry above a door, window, or other opening.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Door/window-āĻāϰ opening-āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž wall-āĻāϰ load support āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ brick āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ horizontal member āĻšāϞ⧋ Brick LintelāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Traditional masonry construction-āĻāĨ¤

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: āĻŦ⧜ opening āĻŦāĻž heavy load-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ brick lintel āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āύāĻžāĻ“ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇; design āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ RCC/steel lintel āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

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B145. Brick Arch

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻ–āĻŋāϞāĻžāύ

Definition: A brick arch is a curved masonry structure made of bricks that spans an opening and transfers loads mainly through compression.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Door, window āĻŦāĻž passage-āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ curved shape-āĻ āχāϟ āϏāĻžāϜāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ load-carrying structure āĻšāϞ⧋ Brick ArchāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ:

Intrados

Extrados

Crown

Springing

Voussoirs

āĻŽā§‚āϞ Principle:
Brick Arch āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāϤ compression āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž load transfer āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Traditional buildings, decorative openings āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ masonry structures-āĻāĨ¤

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B146. Brick Cavity Wall

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻĢāĻžāρāĻ•āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ

Definition: A brick cavity wall consists of two separate masonry leaves with a cavity between them.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ brick wall-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ air gap āĻŦāĻž cavity āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ wall āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋ Brick Cavity WallāĨ¤

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž:

Outer Brick Leaf → Cavity → Inner Leaf

āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž:

Damp pe*******on āĻ•āĻŽāĻžā§Ÿ

Thermal insulation āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇

Sound insulation āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻžā§Ÿ

Wall-āĻāϰ moisture control āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: Cavity-āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϜāĻŽāϞ⧇ drainage/weep hole āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

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B147. Brick Veneer

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϤāϞāĻž āφāĻŦāϰāĻŖ

Definition: Brick veneer is a relatively thin layer of brick used as a non-structural facing attached to a structural wall.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻŽā§‚āϞ load-bearing structure-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻ“ protection-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāϤāϞāĻž brick facing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Brick Veneer āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ:

Brick Masonry Wall: Structural āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
Brick Veneer: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ non-load-bearing facingāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Exterior façade

Architectural finish

Residential building

Commercial building

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B148. Brick Foundation

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ

Definition: A brick foundation is a foundation constructed primarily using brick masonry to transfer structural loads to the supporting soil.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Building-āĻāϰ load soil-āĻ transfer āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ brick masonry āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ foundation āĻšāϞ⧋ Brick FoundationāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Traditional/low-rise construction-āĻ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ RCC framed building-āĻ foundation āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ RCC/other engineered systems āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ design āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ; brick foundation āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ project specification āĻ“ structural design-āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

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B149. Brick Partition Wall

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϜāĻ• āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ

Definition: A brick partition wall is a wall constructed to divide the internal space of a building into separate rooms or areas.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Building-āĻāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇ room āĻŦāĻž space āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϝ⧇ brick wall āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋ Brick Partition WallāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ:

Room division

Privacy

Space separation

Fire/sound separation-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: Partition wall āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ load-bearing āύ⧟, āϤāĻŦ⧇ structural design āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ load consideration āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

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B150. Brick Paving

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāϟ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ Pavement āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ

Definition: Brick paving is the construction of a pavement or surface using specially selected paving bricks laid over a prepared base.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Footpath, walkway, courtyard āĻŦāĻž light-traffic area-āϤ⧇ prepared base-āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ paving brick āĻŦāĻŋāĻ›āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ surface āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϕ⧇ Brick Paving āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ Layer:

Paving Brick
↓
Sand Bedding
↓
Base/Sub-base
↓
Compacted Subgrade

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Footpath

Walkway

Courtyard

Driveway

Landscaping

Site Check: Base compaction, bedding sand thickness, brick alignment, joint filling āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ surface slope/drainage āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āφāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

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✅ Letter B Complete

B1–B150 āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϧāĻžāĻĒ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž CIVIL ENGINEERING DICTIONARY — Letter C āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‹ āφāϏāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇āύāĨ¤
BuildLine Engineering & Design

15/08/2026

CIVIL ENGINEERING DICTIONARY — B

Part 4 | B94–B124

B94. Brick Bond

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻ—āĻžāρāĻĨ⧁āύāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāύ / āχāϟ āϏāĻžāϜāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ

Definition: Brick bond is the systematic arrangement of bricks in masonry to provide strength, stability, proper load distribution, and good appearance.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ⧇ āχāϟāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽā§‡ āϏāĻžāϜāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ vertical joint āĻāĻ• āϞāĻžāχāύ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĒā§œā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡â€”āĻāϟāĻžāχ Brick BondāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϧāϰāύ:

Stretcher Bond

Header Bond

English Bond

Flemish Bond

Rat-Trap Bond

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Brick wall, partition wall, load-bearing wall āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇āĨ¤

Site Check: Vertical joint āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āφāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž, bond pattern āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āφāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ mortar joint āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ 10 mm āφāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

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B95. Brick Chips

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻ–ā§‹ā§ŸāĻž / āĻ­āĻžāĻ™āĻž āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āϛ⧋āϟ āϟ⧁āĻ•āϰāĻž

Definition: Brick chips are small pieces of broken or crushed bricks used as filling or aggregate in certain construction works.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āχāϟ āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āϛ⧋āϟ āϛ⧋āϟ āϟ⧁āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϏ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ Brick Chips āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Filling work

Brick concrete

Floor preparation

Road construction-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ: Structural RCC-āϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ design/specification āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽā§‹āĻĻāύ āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž brick chips aggregate āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āύ⧟āĨ¤

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B96. Brick Course

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāϰāĻŋ / āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ

Definition: A brick course is a horizontal row or layer of bricks laid continuously in masonry.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ āωāĻšā§āϚāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧋ āĻāĻ• āϏāĻžāϰāĻŋ āχāϟāϕ⧇ Brick Course āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ 10 ft āωāρāϚ⧁ brick wall-āĻ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ horizontal brick course āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

Site Check:

Course level āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āφāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž

Brick alignment āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āφāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž

Mortar joint uniform āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž

Wall vertical/plumb āφāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž

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B97. Brick Masonry

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻ—āĻžāρāĻĨ⧁āύāĻŋ

Definition: Brick masonry is the construction of walls, foundations, partitions, and other structures by laying bricks with mortar in a specified bond pattern.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Mortar āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āχāϟ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϜāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ wall āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ structure āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϕ⧇ Brick Masonry āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āωāĻĒāĻ•āϰāĻŖ:

Brick

Cement

Sand

Water

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ Mortar Ratio:
1:4, 1:5 āĻŦāĻž 1:6 — āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ specification āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€āĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Building wall

Boundary wall

Foundation

Partition wall

Site Check: āχāϟ āϭ⧇āϜāĻžāύ⧋, line-level-plumb, mortar joint, bond āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ curing āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

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B98. Brick Nogging

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āϰ āĻĢāĻžāρāĻ•āĻž āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻ—āĻžāρāĻĨ⧁āύāĻŋ

Definition: Brick nogging is brick masonry used to fill the spaces between structural framing members.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Column/wooden āĻŦāĻž steel frame-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡āϰ āĻ–āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻž āχāϟ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§‚āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Brick Nogging āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Traditional framed buildings, partition āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ infill wall-āĻāĨ¤

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ: Nogging āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ structural frame-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ load-bearing member āύ⧟; design āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

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B99. Brick Pillar

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻ­

Definition: A brick pillar is a vertical structural or architectural element constructed primarily from brick masonry.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āχāϟ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ vertical pillar āĻŦāĻž āϛ⧋āϟ āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻ­āϕ⧇ Brick Pillar āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Boundary wall

Gate pillar

Architectural feature

Low-rise structures

Site Check: Pillar-āĻāϰ verticality, brick bond, mortar joint āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ foundation/support āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āφāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

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B100. Brick Soling

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāϟ āϏ⧋āϞāĻŋāĻ‚ / āχāϟ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ›āĻžāύ⧋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ

Definition: Brick soling is a construction method in which bricks are laid closely over prepared ground to form a firm and stable base.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āχāϟ flat āĻŦāĻž specified pattern-āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ›āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤ base āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϕ⧇ Brick Soling āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Floor base

Road shoulder

Yard

Foundation-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡

Temporary/low-load pavement

Site Check:

Subgrade properly compacted āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž

Bricks tightly placed āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž

Voids āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ filled āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž

Level āĻ“ slope āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āφāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž

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B101. Brick Test

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž

Definition: Brick tests are laboratory or field tests performed to determine the quality and engineering properties of bricks.

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ Test:

1. Compressive Strength Test
→ āχāϟ āĻ•āϤ āϚāĻžāĻĒ āϏāĻšā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

2. Water Absorption Test
→ āχāϟ āĻ•āϤ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻļā§‹āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

3. Efflorescence Test
→ āχāĻŸā§‡ āϞāĻŦāĻŖ/āϏāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻ— āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻžāĨ¤

4. Dimension Test
→ āχāĻŸā§‡āϰ size āĻ“ shape specification āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻžāĨ¤

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ quality-āĻāϰ brick āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ test āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

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B102. Bridge

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧇āϤ⧁

Definition: A bridge is a structure constructed to carry roads, railways, pedestrians, or utilities over an obstacle such as a river, canal, road, railway, or valley.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āύāĻĻā§€, āĻ–āĻžāϞ, āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ/āϝāĻžāύāĻŦāĻžāĻšāύ āĻĒāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ structure āĻšāϞ⧋ BridgeāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ:

Deck

Girder

Bearing

Pier

Abutment

Foundation

Expansion Joint

Approach Road

Load Path:
Deck → Girder → Bearing → Pier/Abutment → Foundation → Soil

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B103. Bridge Abutment

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧇āϤ⧁āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ support / āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ

Definition: A bridge abutment is the end support of a bridge that supports the superstructure and retains the approach fill.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Bridge-āĻāϰ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇ āϝ⧇ structure bridge-āĻāϰ load āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ approach-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āϧāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Abutment āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ:

Bridge superstructure support āĻ•āϰāĻž

Load foundation-āĻ transfer āĻ•āϰāĻž

Approach soil retain āĻ•āϰāĻž

Earth pressure resist āĻ•āϰāĻž

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ:
Abutment wall, foundation, wing wall, bearing seat āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤

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B104. Bridge Bearing

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧇āϤ⧁āϰ Bearing / āĻ­āĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ support

Definition: A bridge bearing is a device that transfers loads from the bridge superstructure to the substructure while allowing required movements and rotations.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Girder-āĻāϰ load pier/abutment-āĻ āĻĒ⧌āρāϛ⧇ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ temperature-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ bridge-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ movement allow āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡â€”āĻāϟāĻžāχ BearingāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϧāϰāύ:

Elastomeric Bearing

Pot Bearing

Roller Bearing

Sliding Bearing

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: Bearing jam āĻŦāĻž damaged āĻšāϞ⧇ bridge-āĻāϰ structural problem āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

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B105. Bridge Deck

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧇āϤ⧁āϰ āωāĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ— / āϚāϞāĻžāϚāϞ⧇āϰ Deck

Definition: The bridge deck is the upper structural surface of a bridge that directly or indirectly supports traffic loads.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Bridge-āĻāϰ āϝ⧇ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—āĻžā§œāĻŋ, āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ traffic āϚāϞāĻžāϚāϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋāχ Bridge DeckāĨ¤

āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ:

RCC slab

Wearing course

Waterproofing

Reinforcement

Expansion joint

Load Path:
Traffic Load → Deck → Girder → Bearing → Pier/Abutment

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B106. Bridge Pier

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧇āϤ⧁āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻ­

Definition: A bridge pier is an intermediate vertical support that transfers loads from the bridge superstructure to the foundation.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Bridge-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž vertical support, āϝāĻž girder/deck-āĻāϰ load foundation-āĻ transfer āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ:

Pier cap

Pier shaft

Foundation

Pile/footing

Site Check: Verticality, reinforcement, concrete quality, bearing level āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ scour protection āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

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B107. Bridge Slab

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧇āϤ⧁āϰ RCC slab

Definition: A bridge slab is a reinforced concrete structural slab forming part of the bridge deck and carrying traffic loads.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Bridge-āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ traffic load āĻŦāĻšāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ RCC slab āĻšāϞ⧋ Bridge SlabāĨ¤

Load:
Vehicle Load → Slab → Girder → Bearing → Support

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ: Reinforcement spacing, concrete grade, cover āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ thickness drawing āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

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B108. Bridge Superstructure

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧇āϤ⧁āϰ āωāĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹

Definition: Bridge superstructure is the portion of a bridge above the bearings that directly carries traffic and transfers loads to the supports.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Bearing-āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ bridge-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ structural āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϕ⧇ Superstructure āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇:

Deck slab

Girder

Wearing course

Railing

Expansion joint

Superstructure-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ: Traffic load āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ substructure-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ transfer āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

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B109. Bridge Substructure

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧇āϤ⧁āϰ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹

Definition: Bridge substructure consists of the components below the bearings that support the superstructure and transfer loads to the ground.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Bridge-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ support system—āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ pier, abutment āĻ“ foundation—āĻšāϞ⧋ SubstructureāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ:

Pier

Abutment

Pier foundation

Pile

Pile cap

Wing wall

Load Path:
Superstructure → Bearing → Substructure → Foundation → Soil

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B110. Bridge Expansion Joint

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧇āϤ⧁āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰāĻŖ Joint

Definition: A bridge expansion joint is a joint provided to accommodate expansion, contraction, shrinkage, and other movements of bridge components.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Temperature change-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ bridge āĻŦ⧜-āϛ⧋āϟ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ crack āĻŦāĻž unwanted stress āύāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ expansion joint āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Movement-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ:

Temperature

Shrinkage

Creep

Traffic effects

Site Check: Joint gap, alignment, seal āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ drainage āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āφāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

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B111. Bridge Girder

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧇āϤ⧁āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ Girder

Definition: A bridge girder is a major structural member designed to carry loads from the deck and transfer them to the supports.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Bridge-āĻāϰ deck-āĻāϰ load āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ pier/abutment-āĻ transfer āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ beam āĻšāϞ⧋ Bridge GirderāĨ¤

āϧāϰāύ:

RCC Girder

PSC Girder

Steel Girder

Box Girder

I-Girder

Load Path:
Deck → Girder → Bearing → Pier/Abutment

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B112. Bridge Load

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧇āϤ⧁āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ Load

Definition: Bridge loads are the various forces and loads acting on a bridge during construction and service.

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ Load:

Dead Load

Live Load

Impact/Dynamic Load

Wind Load

Braking Load

Temperature Load

Seismic Load

Water/Current Load

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Bridge-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ“āϜāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ/āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ force āφāϏ⧇ āϏ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āχ Bridge LoadāĨ¤

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B113. Bridge Approach

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧇āϤ⧁āϰ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ— āϏ⧜āĻ• / Approach Road

Definition: A bridge approach is the roadway section connecting the bridge structure with the existing road.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Main road āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ bridge-āĻāϰ deck āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϝ⧇ connecting road section āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋāχ Bridge ApproachāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž:

Settlement

Uneven level

Poor compaction

Water drainage āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž

Site Check: Approach fill properly compacted āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ bridge deck-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ smooth transition āφāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

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B114. Bridge Scour

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧇āϤ⧁āϰ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āώ⧟

Definition: Bridge scour is the erosion and removal of soil or sediment around bridge piers and abutments caused by flowing water.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āύāĻĻā§€āϰ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞ āĻ¸ā§āϰ⧋āϤ⧇ Pier āĻŦāĻž Abutment-āĻāϰ āφāĻļ⧇āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ§ā§ā§Ÿā§‡ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϕ⧇ Bridge Scour āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ:

High water velocity

Flood

Turbulence

Local obstruction by pier

āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋ: Foundation exposed āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ bridge stability āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

Protection: Riprap, apron, launching apron, scour protection works āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤

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B115. Bridge Wing Wall

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧇āϤ⧁āϰ Wing Wall / āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ

Definition: A bridge wing wall is a wall extending from an abutment to retain the approach embankment and guide the roadway.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Abutment-āĻāϰ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āϝ⧇ wall approach-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āϧāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Wing Wall āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ:

Approach soil retain āĻ•āϰāĻž

Soil erosion āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋

Roadway guide āĻ•āϰāĻž

Abutment-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ stability āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž

āϧāϰāύ: Straight, return, flared āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ layout āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

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B116. Bridle

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ—/āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ support arrangement

Definition: A bridle is a connecting, supporting, or restraining arrangement used to control or secure engineering components.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ member āĻŦāĻž system-āϕ⧇ support, connect āĻŦāĻž control āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ arrangement-āϕ⧇ Bridle āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Project-specific engineering works, temporary support āĻŦāĻž connection arrangement-āĻ termāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

āύ⧋āϟ: Bridle-āĻāϰ āϏ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ construction context āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

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B117. Broad Gauge (BG)

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ¸ā§āϤ āϰ⧇āϞāϗ⧇āϜ

Definition: Broad gauge is a railway track gauge wider than the standard gauge.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Railway track-āĻāϰ āĻĻ⧁āχ rail-āĻāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ distance āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ Broad Gauge āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇: Railway engineering-āĻ Broad Gauge āĻ“ Meter Gauge—āĻĻ⧁āχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ gauge historically āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇; āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ project specification āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Railway track design, alignment āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ rolling stock compatibility-āϤ⧇ gauge āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

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B118. Buckling

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦ⧇āρāϕ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž / Buckling Failure

Definition: Buckling is a sudden lateral deformation of a slender structural member subjected to compressive load.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Column-āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ compression load āĻŦāĻžā§œāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§‡ column āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ crush āύāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž āĻŦ⧇āρāϕ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡â€”āĻāϟāĻžāχ BucklingāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ:

Excessive compression

Long/slender column

Improper bracing

Initial imperfection

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ: Slenderness ratio āϝāϤ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ, buckling-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āϤāϤ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤

Euler Formula:
Pcr = Ī€Â˛EI / (KL)²

āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇,
Pcr = Critical buckling load
E = Modulus of elasticity
I = Moment of inertia
K = Effective length factor
L = Actual length

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B119. Built-up Section

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ Structural Section

Definition: A built-up section is a structural member formed by connecting two or more individual steel sections or plates.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• steel plate, angle, channel āĻŦāĻž I-section āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ bolt/weld āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧜ section āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Built-up Section āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

Built-up Column

Built-up Girder

Laced Column

Battened Column

āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ—:
Bolting āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž WeldingāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Heavy load-bearing steel structure-āĻāĨ¤

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B120. Bulking of Sand

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ

Definition: Bulking of sand is the increase in the apparent volume of moist sand due to the formation of thin water films around sand particles.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ sand particles-āĻāϰ āϚāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ water film āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻŋāϰ apparent volume āĻŦā§‡ā§œā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿâ€”āĻāϟāĻžāχ BulkingāĨ¤

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: Volume batching āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ bulking-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ⧇āϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŽ sand āύ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ: Concrete/Mortar mix-āĻāϰ actual proportion āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

āύ⧋āϟ: āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ bulking āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ sand āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ saturated āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ original volume-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻŋ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤

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B121. Bulk Density

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: Bulk āϘāύāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ

Definition: Bulk density is the mass of a material per unit of its total bulk volume, including the volume of voids.

Formula:

Bulk Density = Mass / Total Bulk Volume

Unit:
kg/mÂŗ āĻŦāĻž kg/L

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: Sand-āĻāϰ bulk density āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāϪ⧇ sand particles-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ void space-āĻ“ volume-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Material quantity calculation

Mix proportioning

Aggregate measurement

Weight-volume conversion

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B122. Bulkhead

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϜāĻ•/āϰ⧋āϧāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ

Definition: A bulkhead is a wall or partition designed to separate spaces or resist water, soil, or other pressure.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ, āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āϕ⧋āύ⧋ space-āϕ⧇ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϧāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ wall/partition āĻšāϞ⧋ BulkheadāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Marine structures

Basement

Retaining systems

Hydraulic structures

Temporary excavation support

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: Bulkhead-āĻāϰ design-āĻ lateral pressure āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ waterproofing āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

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B123. Buoyancy

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ­āĻžāϏāĻŽāĻžāύāϤāĻž / āϊāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϚāĻžāĻĒ

Definition: Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid on a body that is wholly or partially immersed in the fluid.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ object āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĄā§āĻŦāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ object-āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϝ⧇ force āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϠ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ āϏ⧇āϟāĻžāχ Buoyant ForceāĨ¤

Archimedes' Principle:

Buoyant Force = Weight of displaced fluid

Formula:

FáĩĻ = ΁gV

āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇,
FáĩĻ = Buoyant force
΁ = Fluid density
g = Gravitational acceleration
V = Displaced fluid volume

Civil Engineering-āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Basement, underground tank, pile, foundation āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ water-retaining structure design-āĻ buoyancy āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

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B124. Butt Joint

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ—

Definition: A butt joint is a joint in which two members are connected by placing their ends directly against each other.

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ member-āĻāϰ end āĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝ⧇ joint āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Butt Joint āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Steel fabrication

Welding

Pipe connection

Timber work

Construction joints

Welding-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇: āĻĻ⧁āχ plate-āĻāϰ edge-to-edge connection-āϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ Butt Weld/Butt Joint āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Site Check: Alignment, edge preparation, weld quality āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ joint strength specification āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

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