15/08/2026
CIVIL ENGINEERING DICTIONARY â B
Part 4 | B94âB124
B94. Brick Bond
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĨā§āύāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāύā§āϧāύ / āĻāĻ āϏāĻžāĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ
Definition: Brick bond is the systematic arrangement of bricks in masonry to provide strength, stability, proper load distribution, and good appearance.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: āĻĻā§ā§āĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻā§āϞā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽā§ āϏāĻžāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§ āϝāĻžāϤ⧠vertical joint āĻāĻ āϞāĻžāĻāύ⧠āύāĻž āĻĒā§ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰ⧠āĻĻā§ā§āĻžāϞ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§âāĻāĻāĻžāĻ Brick BondāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϧāϰāύ:
Stretcher Bond
Header Bond
English Bond
Flemish Bond
Rat-Trap Bond
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Brick wall, partition wall, load-bearing wall āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϤā§āĨ¤
Site Check: Vertical joint āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύāĻž, bond pattern āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ mortar joint āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ 10 mm āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
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B95. Brick Chips
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻā§ā§āĻž / āĻāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻāϰāĻž
Definition: Brick chips are small pieces of broken or crushed bricks used as filling or aggregate in certain construction works.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻāϰāĻž āĻāϰāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻā§āϞā§āĻā§ Brick Chips āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Filling work
Brick concrete
Floor preparation
Road construction-āĻāϰ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§
āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ: Structural RCC-āϤ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ design/specification āĻ
āύā§āĻŽā§āĻĻāύ āĻāĻžā§āĻž brick chips aggregate āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āύā§āĨ¤
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B96. Brick Course
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻā§āϰ āϏāĻžāϰāĻŋ / āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻ āϏā§āϤāϰ
Definition: A brick course is a horizontal row or layer of bricks laid continuously in masonry.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: āĻĻā§ā§āĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāϤāĻžā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻ āϏāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻā§ Brick Course āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ 10 ft āĻāĻāĻā§ brick wall-āĻ āĻ
āύā§āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠horizontal brick course āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Site Check:
Course level āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύāĻž
Brick alignment āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύāĻž
Mortar joint uniform āĻāĻŋāύāĻž
Wall vertical/plumb āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύāĻž
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B97. Brick Masonry
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĨā§āύāĻŋ
Definition: Brick masonry is the construction of walls, foundations, partitions, and other structures by laying bricks with mortar in a specified bond pattern.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Mortar āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻāĻŋā§ā§ wall āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āύā§āϝ structure āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ Brick Masonry āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻĒāĻāϰāĻŖ:
Brick
Cement
Sand
Water
āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ Mortar Ratio:
1:4, 1:5 āĻŦāĻž 1:6 â āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ specification āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§āĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Building wall
Boundary wall
Foundation
Partition wall
Site Check: āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύā§, line-level-plumb, mortar joint, bond āĻāĻŦāĻ curing āĻ āĻŋāĻāĻŽāϤ⧠āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
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B98. Brick Nogging
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻāĻž āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĨā§āύāĻŋ
Definition: Brick nogging is brick masonry used to fill the spaces between structural framing members.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Column/wooden āĻŦāĻž steel frame-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻāĻžā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻā§ Brick Nogging āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Traditional framed buildings, partition āĻāĻŦāĻ infill wall-āĻāĨ¤
āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ: Nogging āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ structural frame-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϞ load-bearing member āύā§; design āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
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B99. Brick Pillar
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻā§āϰ āϏā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻ
Definition: A brick pillar is a vertical structural or architectural element constructed primarily from brick masonry.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: āĻāĻ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ vertical pillar āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ āϏā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻāĻā§ Brick Pillar āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Boundary wall
Gate pillar
Architectural feature
Low-rise structures
Site Check: Pillar-āĻāϰ verticality, brick bond, mortar joint āĻāĻŦāĻ foundation/support āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
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B100. Brick Soling
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻ āϏā§āϞāĻŋāĻ / āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ
Definition: Brick soling is a construction method in which bricks are laid closely over prepared ground to form a firm and stable base.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ flat āĻŦāĻž specified pattern-āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻļāĻā§āϤ base āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāĻā§ Brick Soling āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Floor base
Road shoulder
Yard
Foundation-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§
Temporary/low-load pavement
Site Check:
Subgrade properly compacted āĻāĻŋāύāĻž
Bricks tightly placed āĻāĻŋāύāĻž
Voids āĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ filled āĻāĻŋāύāĻž
Level āĻ slope āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύāĻž
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B101. Brick Test
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž
Definition: Brick tests are laboratory or field tests performed to determine the quality and engineering properties of bricks.
āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ Test:
1. Compressive Strength Test
â āĻāĻ āĻāϤ āĻāĻžāĻĒ āϏāĻšā§āϝ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
2. Water Absorption Test
â āĻāĻ āĻāϤ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻļā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
3. Efflorescence Test
â āĻāĻā§ āϞāĻŦāĻŖ/āϏāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŋāύāĻžāĨ¤
4. Dimension Test
â āĻāĻā§āϰ size āĻ shape specification āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻāĻŋāύāĻžāĨ¤
āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ: āĻāĻžāϞ⧠quality-āĻāϰ brick āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāϤ⧠test āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
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B102. Bridge
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϤā§
Definition: A bridge is a structure constructed to carry roads, railways, pedestrians, or utilities over an obstacle such as a river, canal, road, railway, or valley.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: āύāĻĻā§, āĻāĻžāϞ, āϰāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ/āϝāĻžāύāĻŦāĻžāĻšāύ āĻĒāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ structure āĻšāϞ⧠BridgeāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ
āĻāĻļ:
Deck
Girder
Bearing
Pier
Abutment
Foundation
Expansion Joint
Approach Road
Load Path:
Deck â Girder â Bearing â Pier/Abutment â Foundation â Soil
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B103. Bridge Abutment
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤā§āϰ support / āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ
Definition: A bridge abutment is the end support of a bridge that supports the superstructure and retains the approach fill.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Bridge-āĻāϰ āĻĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ⧠āϝ⧠structure bridge-āĻāϰ load āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ approach-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ āϧāϰ⧠āϰāĻžāĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻā§ Abutment āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ:
Bridge superstructure support āĻāϰāĻž
Load foundation-āĻ transfer āĻāϰāĻž
Approach soil retain āĻāϰāĻž
Earth pressure resist āĻāϰāĻž
āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ
āĻāĻļ:
Abutment wall, foundation, wing wall, bearing seat āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤
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B104. Bridge Bearing
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϤā§āϰ Bearing / āĻāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĻžāύā§āϤāϰāĻāĻžāϰ⧠support
Definition: A bridge bearing is a device that transfers loads from the bridge superstructure to the substructure while allowing required movements and rotations.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Girder-āĻāϰ load pier/abutment-āĻ āĻĒā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĻā§ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ temperature-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ bridge-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϝ movement allow āĻāϰā§âāĻāĻāĻžāĻ BearingāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϧāϰāύ:
Elastomeric Bearing
Pot Bearing
Roller Bearing
Sliding Bearing
āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ: Bearing jam āĻŦāĻž damaged āĻšāϞ⧠bridge-āĻāϰ structural problem āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
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B105. Bridge Deck
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ / āĻāϞāĻžāĻāϞā§āϰ Deck
Definition: The bridge deck is the upper structural surface of a bridge that directly or indirectly supports traffic loads.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Bridge-āĻāϰ āϝ⧠āĻ
āĻāĻļā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻžā§āĻŋ, āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āύā§āϝ traffic āĻāϞāĻžāĻāϞ āĻāϰ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻ Bridge DeckāĨ¤
āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ:
RCC slab
Wearing course
Waterproofing
Reinforcement
Expansion joint
Load Path:
Traffic Load â Deck â Girder â Bearing â Pier/Abutment
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B106. Bridge Pier
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āϏā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻ
Definition: A bridge pier is an intermediate vertical support that transfers loads from the bridge superstructure to the foundation.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Bridge-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž vertical support, āϝāĻž girder/deck-āĻāϰ load foundation-āĻ transfer āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ
āĻāĻļ:
Pier cap
Pier shaft
Foundation
Pile/footing
Site Check: Verticality, reinforcement, concrete quality, bearing level āĻāĻŦāĻ scour protection āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤
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B107. Bridge Slab
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϤā§āϰ RCC slab
Definition: A bridge slab is a reinforced concrete structural slab forming part of the bridge deck and carrying traffic loads.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Bridge-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ traffic load āĻŦāĻšāύāĻāĻžāϰ⧠RCC slab āĻšāϞ⧠Bridge SlabāĨ¤
Load:
Vehicle Load â Slab â Girder â Bearing â Support
āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ: Reinforcement spacing, concrete grade, cover āĻāĻŦāĻ thickness drawing āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āϰāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
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B108. Bridge Superstructure
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§
Definition: Bridge superstructure is the portion of a bridge above the bearings that directly carries traffic and transfers loads to the supports.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Bearing-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰā§āϰ bridge-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ structural āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§ Superstructure āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻā§:
Deck slab
Girder
Wearing course
Railing
Expansion joint
Superstructure-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ: Traffic load āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠substructure-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ transfer āĻāϰāĻžāĨ¤
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B109. Bridge Substructure
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§
Definition: Bridge substructure consists of the components below the bearings that support the superstructure and transfer loads to the ground.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Bridge-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ support systemâāϝā§āĻŽāύ pier, abutment āĻ foundationâāĻšāϞ⧠SubstructureāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ
āĻāĻļ:
Pier
Abutment
Pier foundation
Pile
Pile cap
Wing wall
Load Path:
Superstructure â Bearing â Substructure â Foundation â Soil
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B110. Bridge Expansion Joint
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰāĻŖ Joint
Definition: A bridge expansion joint is a joint provided to accommodate expansion, contraction, shrinkage, and other movements of bridge components.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Temperature change-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ bridge āĻŦā§-āĻā§āĻ āĻšāϞ⧠āϝāĻžāϤ⧠crack āĻŦāĻž unwanted stress āύāĻž āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ expansion joint āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
Movement-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ:
Temperature
Shrinkage
Creep
Traffic effects
Site Check: Joint gap, alignment, seal āĻāĻŦāĻ drainage āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
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B111. Bridge Girder
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ Girder
Definition: A bridge girder is a major structural member designed to carry loads from the deck and transfer them to the supports.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Bridge-āĻāϰ deck-āĻāϰ load āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻāϰ⧠pier/abutment-āĻ transfer āĻāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ beam āĻšāϞ⧠Bridge GirderāĨ¤
āϧāϰāύ:
RCC Girder
PSC Girder
Steel Girder
Box Girder
I-Girder
Load Path:
Deck â Girder â Bearing â Pier/Abutment
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B112. Bridge Load
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ Load
Definition: Bridge loads are the various forces and loads acting on a bridge during construction and service.
āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ Load:
Dead Load
Live Load
Impact/Dynamic Load
Wind Load
Braking Load
Temperature Load
Seismic Load
Water/Current Load
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Bridge-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ/āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āϝ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ force āĻāϏ⧠āϏā§āĻā§āϞā§āĻ Bridge LoadāĨ¤
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B113. Bridge Approach
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āϏāĻāϝā§āĻ āϏā§āĻ / Approach Road
Definition: A bridge approach is the roadway section connecting the bridge structure with the existing road.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Main road āĻĨā§āĻā§ bridge-āĻāϰ deck āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āϝ⧠connecting road section āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻ Bridge ApproachāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž:
Settlement
Uneven level
Poor compaction
Water drainage āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž
Site Check: Approach fill properly compacted āĻāĻŦāĻ bridge deck-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ smooth transition āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
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B114. Bridge Scour
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āώā§
Definition: Bridge scour is the erosion and removal of soil or sediment around bridge piers and abutments caused by flowing water.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: āύāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞ āϏā§āϰā§āϤ⧠Pier āĻŦāĻž Abutment-āĻāϰ āĻāĻļā§āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ āϧā§ā§ā§ āĻāϞ⧠āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻžāĻā§ Bridge Scour āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ:
High water velocity
Flood
Turbulence
Local obstruction by pier
āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ: Foundation exposed āĻšā§ā§ bridge stability āĻāĻŽā§ āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
Protection: Riprap, apron, launching apron, scour protection works āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤
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B115. Bridge Wing Wall
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϤā§āϰ Wing Wall / āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻļā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§ā§āĻžāϞ
Definition: A bridge wing wall is a wall extending from an abutment to retain the approach embankment and guide the roadway.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Abutment-āĻāϰ āĻĻā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āϝ⧠wall approach-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ āϧāϰ⧠āϰāĻžāĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻā§ Wing Wall āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ:
Approach soil retain āĻāϰāĻž
Soil erosion āĻāĻŽāĻžāύā§
Roadway guide āĻāϰāĻž
Abutment-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ stability āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
āϧāϰāύ: Straight, return, flared āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ layout āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
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B116. Bridle
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻāϝā§āĻ/āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖāĻāĻžāϰ⧠support arrangement
Definition: A bridle is a connecting, supporting, or restraining arrangement used to control or secure engineering components.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: āĻā§āύ⧠member āĻŦāĻž system-āĻā§ support, connect āĻŦāĻž control āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ arrangement-āĻā§ Bridle āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Project-specific engineering works, temporary support āĻŦāĻž connection arrangement-āĻ termāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
āύā§āĻ: Bridle-āĻāϰ āϏā§āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ construction context āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
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B117. Broad Gauge (BG)
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāϏā§āϤ āϰā§āϞāĻā§āĻ
Definition: Broad gauge is a railway track gauge wider than the standard gauge.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Railway track-āĻāϰ āĻĻā§āĻ rail-āĻāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤāϰā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ distance āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ Broad Gauge āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļā§: Railway engineering-āĻ Broad Gauge āĻ Meter GaugeâāĻĻā§āĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ gauge historically āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§; āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ project specification āĻ
āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Railway track design, alignment āĻāĻŦāĻ rolling stock compatibility-āϤ⧠gauge āĻ
āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤
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B118. Buckling
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻž / Buckling Failure
Definition: Buckling is a sudden lateral deformation of a slender structural member subjected to compressive load.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: Column-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ compression load āĻŦāĻžā§āϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ column āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ crush āύāĻž āĻšā§ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§âāĻāĻāĻžāĻ BucklingāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ:
Excessive compression
Long/slender column
Improper bracing
Initial imperfection
āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ: Slenderness ratio āϝāϤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ, buckling-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āϤāϤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤
Euler Formula:
Pcr = βEI / (KL)²
āϝā§āĻāĻžāύā§,
Pcr = Critical buckling load
E = Modulus of elasticity
I = Moment of inertia
K = Effective length factor
L = Actual length
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B119. Built-up Section
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ Structural Section
Definition: A built-up section is a structural member formed by connecting two or more individual steel sections or plates.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ steel plate, angle, channel āĻŦāĻž I-section āĻāĻāϏāĻžāĻĨā§ bolt/weld āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§ section āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻā§ Built-up Section āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
Built-up Column
Built-up Girder
Laced Column
Battened Column
āϏāĻāϝā§āĻ:
Bolting āĻ
āĻĨāĻŦāĻž WeldingāĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Heavy load-bearing steel structure-āĻāĨ¤
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B120. Bulking of Sand
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āϤāύ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ
Definition: Bulking of sand is the increase in the apparent volume of moist sand due to the formation of thin water films around sand particles.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻ
āϞā§āĻĒ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠sand particles-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ water film āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻŋāϰ apparent volume āĻŦā§ā§ā§ āϝāĻžā§âāĻāĻāĻžāĻ BulkingāĨ¤
āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ: Volume batching āĻāϰāϞ⧠bulking-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύā§āϰ āϤā§āϞāύāĻžā§ āĻāĻŽ sand āύā§āĻā§āĻž āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ: Concrete/Mortar mix-āĻāϰ actual proportion āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
āύā§āĻ: āĻ
āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧠bulking āĻāĻŽā§ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ sand āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ saturated āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ original volume-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāϏā§āĨ¤
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B121. Bulk Density
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: Bulk āĻāύāϤā§āĻŦ
Definition: Bulk density is the mass of a material per unit of its total bulk volume, including the volume of voids.
Formula:
Bulk Density = Mass / Total Bulk Volume
Unit:
kg/mÂŗ āĻŦāĻž kg/L
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: Sand-āĻāϰ bulk density āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ sand particles-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ void space-āĻ volume-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Material quantity calculation
Mix proportioning
Aggregate measurement
Weight-volume conversion
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B122. Bulkhead
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ/āϰā§āϧāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĻā§ā§āĻžāϞ
Definition: A bulkhead is a wall or partition designed to separate spaces or resist water, soil, or other pressure.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ, āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āύ⧠space-āĻā§ āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϧāϰ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ wall/partition āĻšāϞ⧠BulkheadāĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Marine structures
Basement
Retaining systems
Hydraulic structures
Temporary excavation support
āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ: Bulkhead-āĻāϰ design-āĻ lateral pressure āĻāĻŦāĻ waterproofing āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤
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B123. Buoyancy
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻžāϏāĻŽāĻžāύāϤāĻž / āĻāϰā§āϧā§āĻŦāĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻĒ
Definition: Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid on a body that is wholly or partially immersed in the fluid.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: āĻā§āύ⧠object āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĄā§āĻŦāĻžāϞ⧠āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ object-āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϝ⧠force āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻ ā§āϞ⧠āĻĻā§ā§ āϏā§āĻāĻžāĻ Buoyant ForceāĨ¤
Archimedes' Principle:
Buoyant Force = Weight of displaced fluid
Formula:
FáĩĻ = ĪgV
āϝā§āĻāĻžāύā§,
FáĩĻ = Buoyant force
Ī = Fluid density
g = Gravitational acceleration
V = Displaced fluid volume
Civil Engineering-āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: Basement, underground tank, pile, foundation āĻāĻŦāĻ water-retaining structure design-āĻ buoyancy āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤
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B124. Butt Joint
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ āϏāĻāϝā§āĻ
Definition: A butt joint is a joint in which two members are connected by placing their ends directly against each other.
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§: āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ member-āĻāϰ end āĻāĻā§ āĻ
āĻĒāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϞāĻžāĻāĻŋā§ā§ āϝ⧠joint āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ āϤāĻžāĻā§ Butt Joint āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Steel fabrication
Welding
Pipe connection
Timber work
Construction joints
Welding-āĻāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§: āĻĻā§āĻ plate-āĻāϰ edge-to-edge connection-āĻā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ Butt Weld/Butt Joint āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
Site Check: Alignment, edge preparation, weld quality āĻāĻŦāĻ joint strength specification āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤