20/06/2022
Evolyuciya prodolzhaetsya? Kak izmenilisj lyudi so vremyon Darvina
Soglasno dannim za poslednie 150 let, evolyuciya vsyo eschyo idyot: za eto vremya lyudi stali slabee i holodnee, zato podrosli i otrastili novie kostj i arteriyu.
Kak izmenilisj lyudi za poslednie 150 letSchitaetsyaBiello D. Culture Speeds Up Human Evolution / Scientific American, chto sozdanie kuljturi uskorilo evolyuciyu. Vozmozhno, oni dazhe podstyogivayut drug druga. Vsyo delo v tom, chto uslozhnenie obschestvennoj zhizni i nauchnij progress privodili k rezkim i globaljnim peremenam v suschestvovanii lyudej. Chelovechestvo postepenno prisposobilosj k okruzhayuschej srede, i eto otrazilosj na nashem tele.Uvelichilisj srednij rost i vesSamoe ochevidnoe izmenenie — mi stanovimsya boljshe. Za poslednie 100 let zhenschini i muzhchini staliNCD Risk Factor Collaboration. A century of trends in adult human height / eLife vishe v srednem na 11 santimetrov. To zhe samoe kasaetsya i detej. Vek nazad shkoljniki 8–12 let biliM. R. Sapin, Z. G. Briksina. Anatomiya i fiziologiya detej i podrostkov: ucheb. posobie dlya vuzov nizhe sovremennih na 10–15 santimetrov.Osnovnaya prichina — obschestvennij progressE. M. Crimmins, C. E. Finch. Infection, inflammation, height, and longevity / Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Mi stali luchshe pitatjsya, menjshe boletj. Eschyo 100 let nazad mnogie deti vinuzhdeni bili pomogatj svoim roditelyam na tyazhyolih rabotah. Vesjma skudnie pitateljnie veschestva uhodili ne na ukreplenie organizma, a na trud. Eto negativno skazivalosj na obrazovanii kostnoj tkani i zamedlyalo rost.Chem luchshe kachestvo zhizni lyudej, temA. German, G. Mesch, Z. Hochberg. People Are Taller in Countries With Better Environmental Conditions / Frontiers in endocrinology vishe oni sami iz‑za ischeznoveniya ili umenjsheniya dopolniteljnih negativnih faktorov. Naprimer, stressa. Kogda deti perezhivayut, ih energiya tratitsya na borjbu s nervnim napryazheniem, a ne na rost. Vliyanie okazala i bolee raznoobraznaya dieta. Tak, uvelichenie potrebleniya vitamina D ukreplyaetM. D. Paul, T. McEnery, M. D. Frederic et al. Acceleration of growth with combined vitamin D‑phosphate therapy of hypophosphatemic resistant rickets / The Journal of Pediatrics kosti i sposobstvuet ih razvitiyu.Takzhe viros srednij indeks massi tela — sootnoshenie mezhdu rostom i vesom cheloveka. Esli v 1864 godu u devyatnadcatiletnih molodih lyudej etot pokazatelj sostavlyalW. Johnson, L. E. Soloway, D. Erickson et al. A changing pattern of childhood BMI growth during the 20th century: 70 y of data from the Fels Longitudinal Study / The American journal of clinical nutrition 21,9, to v 1991‑m dostig 23,4. U lyudej starshe 45 let on i vovse uvelichilsya s 23 do 26,8. Izmenenie objyasnyaetsya uluchsheniem pitaniya i snizheniem fizicheskoj aktivnosti.V rezuljtate za poslednie 300 let ploschadj chelovecheskoj kozhi (bukvaljno razmer nashego tela) viroslaR. W. Fogel, D. L. Costa. A theory of technophysio evolution, with some implications for forecasting population, health care costs, and pension costs / Demography na 50%.Mishci stali slabeeUvelichenie razmerov ne sdelalo nas siljnee. V etom opyatj zhe «vinovat» progress. I vzroslie, i deti stali gorazdo menjshe zanimatjsya fizicheskim trudom i dvigatjsya v celom. Posledstviya mozhno nablyudatj na primere issledovaniyaYu. A. Yampoljskaya. Fizicheskoe razvitie i funkcionaljnie vozmozhnosti podrostkov 15–17 let, obuchayuschihsya v shkole i professionaljnom uchilische / Pediatriya podrostkov 15–17 let. Za 34 goda (1970–2004) sila szhatiya kisti snizilasj na 27% u maljchikov i na 33% u devochek.Upala temperatura telaAmerikanskie uchyonie proanalizirovali bolee 670 tisyach pokazanij za 157 let izmerenij i prishli k vivoduM. Protsiv, C. Ley, J. Lankaster. Decreasing human body temperature in the United States since the Industrial Revolution / eLife, chto za eto vremya nasha temperatura upala pochti na polgradusa: s 37 °C do privichnih nam 36,6 °C.Na eto moglo povliyatj to, chto ranjshe znachiteljnaya chastj naseleniya bolela tuberkulyozom, sifilisom i parotitom. Naprimer, tuberkulyoz bil ochenj rasprostranyon i potomu ostavalsya odnoj iz glavnih prichin smertnosti. V srednem ot nego umiraloJ. Frith. History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague / Journal of Military and Veterans’ Health okolo 1% naseleniya, a vo vremya vspishek eto chislo dohodilo do odnoj treti. Infekcii mogli bitj osnovaniem dlya povishennoj temperaturi: tak organizm reagiroval na bolezni.EstjM. Protsiv, C. Ley, J. Lankaster. Decreasing human body temperature in the United States since the Industrial Revolution / eLife i drugaya vozmozhnaya prichina. Temperatura tela vo mnogom zavisit ot skorosti metabolizma cheloveka. Chem vishe prodolzhiteljnostj zhizni i boljshe razmer tela, tem medlennee protekayut obmennie processi v organizme. Tak kak lyudi nachali doljshe zhitj, da i sami stali krupnee, metabolizm zamedlilsya, a s nim upala i temperatura.Poyavilisj novie kostj i arteriyaV organizme cheloveka proizoshli i bolee serjyoznie peremeni. Tak, u nas stalaM. A. Berthaume, E. Di Federico, A. M. J. Bull. Fabella prevalence rate increases over 150 years, and rates of other sesamoid bones remain constant: a systematic review / Journal of Anatomy v 3,5 raza chasche vstrechatjsya fabella — neboljshaya kostochka, kotoraya nahoditsya s zadnej storoni kolena.Poyavlenie novoj kosti uchyonie objyasnyayut uvelicheniem rosta i massi tela cheloveka, kotorie povisili nagruzku na koleni i blizhajshie suhozhiliya. Predpolagaetsya, chto fabella nuzhna, chtobi zaschititj ih.Takzhe uchyonie zametiliT. Lucas, J. Kumaratilake, M. Henneberg. Recently increased prevalence of the human median artery of the forearm: A microevolutionary change / Journal of Anatomy, chto u lyudej stala v tri raza chasche po sravneniyu s koncom XIX veka vstrechatjsya sredinnaya arteriya. Ona raspolozhena na vnutrennej storone predplechjya i prohodit vdolj nego po centru. Obichno sredinnaya arteriya sluzhit dlya krovotoka ruk toljko u zarodishej i regressiruet na vosjmoj nedele beremennosti. Mesto sredinnoj zanimayut luchevaya i loktevie arterii, kotorie ostayutsya u cheloveka na vsyu zhiznj. No segodnya sredinnaya arteriya sohranyaetsya u primerno 35% lyudej. Za eto otvechayut opredelyonnie uchastki DNK, to estj na nashih glazah proishodit mikroevolyuciya.Kak mi budem menyatjsya daljsheNekotorie uchyonie predpolagayutS. G. Byars, D. Ewbank, D. R. Govindaraju et al. Colloquium papers: Natural selection in a contemporary human population / Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, chto v buduschem u zhenschin uvelichitsya reproduktivnij period za schyot otsrochennoj menopauzi i rannego polovogo razvitiya. Vozmozhno, eto reakciya organizma na rastuschuyu prodolzhiteljnostj zhizni i bolee pozdnie rodi sredi sovremennih materej.Mozhno takzhe predpolozhitj, chto, esli povishenie rosta i vesa vmeste s oslableniem mishc prodolzhitsya, u lyudej mogut vozniknutj slozhnosti s pryamohozhdeniem. Vedj chtobi peredvigatj boljshee telo, naoborot, nuzhno boljshe sil, a bratj ih neotkuda.No nam vsyo eschyo ochenj slozhno predskazatj, po kakomu puti pojdyot evolyuciya cheloveka. Ochevidno, chto ona budet zavisetjP. Ward. What May Become of Homo sapiens / Scientific American ot razvitiya tehnologij. Gennaya inzheneriya, nejrointerfejsi, bioprotezirovanie, ekzoskeleti, iskusstvennij razum — neizvestno, kak vsyo eto povliyaet na nas.Ne stoit takzhe isklyuchatj, chto i mir v celom mozhet izmenitjsya, naprimer, v rezuljtate globaljnoj katastrofi ili iz‑za revolyucionnogo otkritiya. Tak, prorivi v genetike, biologii, himii i protezirovanii sulyat cheloveku potencialjnoe bessmertie i prevraschenie v biorobotov. No s drugoj storoni, globaljnoe poteplenie mozhet lish*tj nas privichnogo bogatogo raciona, a yadernaya vojna — i vovse vseh blag civilizacii. Pandemiya koronavirusa uzhe stala groznim preduprezhdeniem neblagopriyatnogo varianta razvitiya sobitij.
