CNKI Bilingual Database, Beijing (2026)

05/01/2017

Pollution Further Widens the Gap between the Rich and the Poor

Recently, researchers have found drug-resistant bacteria in Beijing haze, which sparked a national concern of the lasting injury for health brought by haze once again. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 shows that outdoor air pollution in China, to a large extent, led to 1.234 million premature deaths and a loss of 25 million years in healthy lifetime. China has become one of the countries with the heaviest disease burdens. From 1990 to 2010, the disease burdens caused by outdoor air pollution increased by 33% in China.3Meanwhile, the grim resource and environment situations not only trigger the public’s deep concern about environmental health, but also further widen the gap between the rich and the poor and aggravate social inequality.

Environment, health and inequality are hot issues across the world. Foreign studies mainly focus on influences of environment pollution on health and health inequality and evaluate those influences from a one-way dimension (from poverty to the environment). As an important channel connecting the environment with poverty and with income, health has not received deserved attention. In fact, the influences of environment pollution on health and health inequality will further affect education, labor, income and other socioeconomic benefits and their distribution. Although some studies have already discussed this issue, the mechanism behind it has not been effectively explained and has seldom been verified by empirical data. As far as we know, no domestic studies have explored the internal relationship between pollution and health inequality, let alone extending the relationship to the economic and social fields. This study hopes to contribute to the above issues.

QI Yu, College of Finance and Taxation in Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, and LU Hongyou, Department of Finance, College of Economic and Management in Wuhan University, propose the issue of the “environment-health-poverty trap” based on previous studies and the overlapping generations model. Meanwhile, they also believe that due to the SES difference, environment pollution will cause different levels of exposure to pollution and different effects on health, which will bring health inequality and then become a new source increasing social inequality. They use individuals’ socioeconomic data nested in city-level pollution data and adopt a hierarchical generalized linear regression model, finding that pollution is an important transmission mechanism for SES to affect health and inequality. To be specific, people with low SES are more easily to be exposed to pollution and suffer more impacts on their health; at the city level, the health and economic burdens caused by pollution are heavier in areas with backward economic development, and such burdens clearly follow a regressive distribution, namely that the health cost of pollution is much higher in areas with lower income. Furthermore, they built a system of simultaneous equations with provincial panel data from 1998 to 2011 to further test and explain how pollution affects intra-regional and urban-rural inequality through health.

Because pollution is closely related to poverty and China is facing a grim situation in terms of pollution, China may face great risks of an “environment-health-poverty trap”during a certain period. Thus, they put forward the following policy suggestions. First, the mechanism regarding compensation and assistance for damage to health caused by environment pollution shall be further improved. Second, an environment and health management system shall be constructed which shall be “people-oriented, focus on prevention and combine prevention with control.” Third, environmentally friendly, resource saving technologies that could protect the environment and health shall be promoted. Fourth, equalization of basic public services, especially the services regarding healthcare, social security and environment protection, should be promoted.

The related research is completed by QI Yu, College of Finance and Taxation in Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, and LU Hongyou, Department of Finance, College of Economic and Management in Wuhan University. The research findings are published in the 9th issue of Management World, 2015. The bilingual version has been launched already.

08/12/2016

The Relationship between PA Level and a Body's Anti-aging Maker

Insufficient physical activities (PA) or sedentary lifestyle have become worldwide well recognized public health and social issues, which influence human mental and physical health as well as general life quality. Research indicates that the increase of PA levels can promote health, delay aging, prevent chronic non-communicable diseases, and reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, certain cancers and various chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD).

Telomere is composed of telomeric DNA and telomeric proteins. It is a special structure at the ends of chromosomes in eukaryotic organisms, and plays an important role in aging, carcinogenesis and other biological processes. It is the “growth ring” or “molecular clock” on the DNA of organisms. The maintenance of telomere length and stability of its structure play important roles in cell aging, carcinogenesis, and maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency of stem cells and other life processes. Relevant studies about the correlation between PA levels of middle-aged females and telomere length have not been reported worldwide.

WANG Yan and WANG Zheng-zhen, Beijing Sport University, recruited 71 females aged from 40 to 59 years . All 71 subjects had a regular life, no clear diagnosis of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, no motion system diseases, and no contraindications of movement. They were required to wear ActiGraph GT3X + accelerometer for seven days, and then were divided into PA activity group and PA inactivity group. Their PA level was tested, and their moderate-intensity PA(MPA) per week was calculated. Also their relative length of telomere (T/S) of blood leukocyte was tested by PCR, and the correlation be-tween T/S and PA was explored. T/S value comparison among different age groups After grouping by every 10 years, T/S values were compared. In this study, subjects are divided into overweight and obese group and the normal weight group in the same age group. The two groups showed no signifi-cant difference in age, so the effect of age on the telomere length was excluded.

In this study, 52.11% of women aged from 40 to 59 failed to reach the minimum recommended PA level in China. This recommended PA level can delay the decline of T/S value with age increase in women aged from 40 to 49, showing positive promotioneffect against body aging. T/S value decline with age was not observed in women aged from 50 to 59 whose PA level reached the recommended standard. In the same age group, T/S value was relatively small for the overweight and obese group. The results further confirmed the hypothesis that the insufficient PA can easily lead to overweight and obesity which further accel-erate aging, providing theoretical support for the benefits of keeping a healthy weight.

The related research is completed by WANG Yan, WANG Zheng-zhen. The research findings are published in the 6st issue of Journal of Beijing Sport University, 2015. The bilingual version has been launched already.

02/12/2016

Chinese meat consumption characteristic and 2020 predictive analysis
As a large meat consumption country, China’s overall apparent consumption of meat nationwide reaches 84.83 million tons in 2012, which accounts for 27.8% of the global meat consumption according to the database of FAO. With the increase in population, raise of income and development of urbanization, the China’s meat consumption will continue to grow in the future.
CHENG Guangyan etc., from Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, use the food consumption data (at home) for urban and rural families by China’s National Bureau of Statistics from 2000 to 2012 and the proportion of eating-out expenditure in the overall food expenditure in eating-out expenditure of meat and its varieties to figure out the overall consumption of meat and its varieties at home and outside.
If the increment is counted by 0.6 kg annually from 2012 to 2015, and by 0.3 kg from 2015 to 2020, it is predicted that per-capita meat consumption in urban areas will be 48.9 kg in 2020.
From 2000 to 2013, annual growth rate of China population is 5‰, and urbanization rate has increased by one percentage point annually. Counted by this growth rate, it is predicted that total population in China will grow to 1.409 billion and urbanization rate will reach 60%. In 2020, China’s total consumption of meat, pork, poultry, beef and mutton is respectively 59.71 million tons, 35.92 million tons 16.67 million tons and 6.55 million tons.
Four points can be concluded from the analysis above: firstly, meat consumption in China will continue to grow steadily. Secondly, meat consumption structure will be optimized. Thirdly, production of meat needs continuous growth. Fourthly, meat consumption per capita in China will not reach its peak in 2020.
It is worth discussing that two variables will directly influence the prediction results of the article in the future. One is population structure. The other is the proportion of meat consumption in apparent consumption. Therefore, the predicted apparent meat consumption in China in 2020 may be higher.
The research findings are published in the 2nd issue of Chinese Rural Economy, 2015. The bilingual version has been launched already.
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02/12/2016

Kunyu Wanguo Quantu: who is the author ?
Kunyu Wanguo Quantu (Fig. 1) is nicknamed “Impossible Black Tulip” by Europeans, because it portrays geography that European arrived 200 years later. This reveals the secret of the map. Previously it was considered to be drawn by the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci based on European World map. In fact, Kunyu Wanguo Quantu was completed around 1430 by Chinese, 60 years before Columbus arriving in America. Matteo Ricci added the names of a few places which European explorers claimed. Most of the survey data actually was obtained from the data mapped by Zheng He between 1405 and 1424, and the map was completed around 1430. Based on maps and large numbers of Chinese cultural relics and culture heritage left in America, Dr. Siu-Leung Lee, president of Zheng He Society of the Americas, claims that Kunyu Wanguo Quantu was not authored by Matteo Ricci.
For starters, Chinese people named the southern tip of Africa as Luo Jing Zheng Feng（罗经正峰）, which aimed to discern true north and magnetic north. It is translated as Cape Agulhas (“Cape of Needle”), which has only partial meaning of compass. The Chinese naming the southern tip of Africa before Europe means China had passed the southern tip of Africa and did not just stop in Kenya. The accurate geographical location of western North America not found until 200 years after the death of Matteo Ricci is a powerful argument to overturn European authorship of the map.
Secondly, the primary goal of Matteo Ricci was mainly to evangelize China, not to draw maps. Matteo Ricci mentioned in the preface: “I took the original map of my country and general chronicles (from China), revised the erroneous translation and coordinates, and added several hundred country names”. This section suggests that Matteo Ricci’s data was obtained from the Chinese literature. “General Chronicles” are local records of Chinese history and geography. Half of the 1114 place names in Kunyu Wanguo Quantu do not have equivalents in European maps. Matteo Ricci could not create the place names consistent with the geography.
Thirdly, the notion that Chinese only knew “the sky is round and the earth is square” and that Ricci brought geography to China is wrong. In Han dynasty, the theory of spherical universe and spherical earth was known. And people knew the day and night at different latitudes are different. Therefore, limiting the understanding of ancient Chinese astronomers is biased.
Fourthly, Prominent names during the Renaissance, such as Florence and Tuscany, are missing on Kunyu Wanguo Quantu. Even the Papal States is not marked. Matteo Ricci is an Italian Jesuit born in the Renaissance period. Not labeling these places is completely unreasonable and inconsistent with Ricci’s identity and his era.
The above analysis reveals that Kunyu Wanguo Quantu is based on the survey result of Zheng He’s navigation in Ming dynasty. Some place names were added by Matteo Ricci, but Matteo and other Europeans did not participate in the geographical survey of the map. The Chinese New Atlas (Novus Atlas Sinensis) by Martino Martini (another Jesuit priest, came to China when it was the most chaotic time at the turn of Ming and Qing dynasty (1642 to 1651). After returning to Europe, Martino Martini published Novus Atlas Sinensis) provides further evidence that the Ming dynasty had the technical ability to survey latitude and longitude, and drawing spherical projection maps of large areas.
The geography and place names of Kunyu Wanguo Quantu that cannot be attributed to European survey reveals that an erred 600-year history of World Exploration that should be corrected by Kunyu Wanguo Quantu.
The research findings are published in the No.7 issue of Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2016, vol. 3.

11/11/2016

Gospel for Insomniacs

Insomnia is defined as difficulty in initiating and/or maintaining sleep. Insomnia is a sleep disorder often seen in modern life. Insomnia leads to a variety of physical obstacles and mental illness, such as daytime sleepiness, memory impairment, anxiety, and depression, which seriously affects the quality of life. Currently, sedative and hypnotic drugs for clinical insomnia treatment are recommended for a short-term therapy as long-term medications for sedation and hypnotic induction could cause many adverse side effects, such as destruction to the sleep patterns and drug addiction and tolerance. Currently, there lacks an ideal medication for sedation and hypnotic induction which could induce a rapid sleep without affecting any sleep patterns, without any residual effects. Therefore, it is urgent to find a new medication for sedation and hypnotic induction. Fortunately, the latest discovery of a compound named H057 has a novel chemical structure and quite strong sedative and hypnotic activities, bringing the gospel to insomniacs.

In order to verify H057’s sedative and hypnotic activities, the researcher determined the effect of H057 on the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice by using an opening field text. Firstly, the mice were randomly grouped into different groups and injected with normal saline, diazepam and HO57 respectively in order to determine the effect of H057 on the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice. Secondly, the mice were injected with a subthreshold dose of sodium pentobarbital and then the number of mice falling into sleep in each group was recorded within 15 minutes. Thirdly, the researcher observed the loss of righting reflex (the loss of righting reflex greater than 1 minute was defined as falling into sleep) of the mice after being injected with H057 to calculate the sleeping time of mice so as to determine the probability that the mice can be induced to go to sleep directly by H057. Lastly, the researcher did the stereotactic surgery for microdialysis to measure GABA and Monoamine Neurotrasmitters in Rat Cerebral Cortex Extracellular Fluids. It is important to note that GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nerve system that promotes sleeping, while Monoaminergic nervous system can activate the cerebral cortex and exerts wake-promoting effects.

The study found that compared with normal saline and diazepam, H057 can significantly inhibit the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice; in addition, after being injected with H057, the hypnotic effects of the subthreshold dose of sodium pentobarbital apparently increased; at the same time, H057 can directly induce 100% of the loss of righting reflex in the mice so that it induced 100% sleep onset in the mice; furthermore, H057 significantly increased the GABA levels and reduced Monoamine Neurotrasmitters levels to promote sleeping and inhibit awakening so as to exert its effects on sedation and hypnosis.

All in all, based on the research, H057 does have strong sedative and hypnotic activities. It is a kind of an ideal medication for sedation and hypnotic induction, the gospel of insomniacs.

The related research is completed by WANG Xiaochong from Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanism and Pharmacological Evaluation Study. The research findings are published in the 5th issue of Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin, 2016. The bilingual version has been launched already.

02/11/2016

Preparation of Astragalus Polysaccharide Colon Targeting Pellets
Astragalus polysaccharides are macromolecular compounds that can exert important pharmacological effects in Astragalus. Astragalus polysaccharide can remarkably enhance immunologic function of organism, and it has many pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor, strengthening heart, decreasing blood pressure, reducing blood sugar, antioxidation, anti-virus, and radioresistance. Astragalus polysaccharide is able to effectively promote the growth of intestinal beneficial microorganisms, and it plays a role through competitive inhibition among microorganisms, e.g., it regulates intestinal microecological balance by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of harmful bacteria in human body. At present, most of astragalus polysaccharide preparations are particles, power or solution, and daily doses are massive. Total polysaccharides of astragalus polysaccharides have overlarge relative molecular mass, poor absorption and low bioavailability, and they are apt to be influenced by gastric acid and cannot directly reach the maximum bacterial storeroom colon to release, thereby affecting the therapeutic effects.
The studies in China and at abroad indicate that oral colontargeting administration has attracted much attention recently due to the characteristics, such as small doses, high therapeutic effects, low side effects and convenient use in comparison with traditional preparations. With a suitable method, this colon-specific preparation can exert local or systemic therapeutic effects through preventing the release of drugs in stomach and gut while promoting the immediate release of drugs in ileocecum. The drug release mode plays an important role in improving bioavailability of medicine and increasing intestinal absorption.
Qin Yongli etc. of Jiamusi University used astragalus polysaccharide for preparation of pH-dependent delayed colontargeting pellets of astragalus polysaccharide, which was easy to regulate intestinal microflora better and improve the bioavailability more effectively. In this experiment, the preparation process and coating process of pellets are easy and practicable, and the spherical degree and release performance of the prepared pellets are stable, so the two processes can be applied to the industrial production.
The research findings are published in the 8th issue of Chinese pharmaceutical Journal, Jan. 2016. Vol.51, No.1. The bilingual version has been launched already.

02/11/2016

Relations between Preference for Solitude and Psychological Adjustment in Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence
By simple random cluster sampling, Grade 3-4 and Grade 7-8 students from two primary schools and two middle schools in Shanghai were selected as participants who were 1026 children in middle childhood and early adolescence. Assessments of preference for solitude, loneliness, depression, self-esteem and peer preference were obtained from self-reports and peer nominations.
Social withdrawal is a general term that describes the solitary behavior of children in social context, and such solitary behavior is caused by their intrinsic motivation rather than external factor, namely, isolation by peers. Social withdrawal can be divided into different subtypes. There is one group of children who has low approach and avoidance motivation for social interaction. In other words, they are not very interested in social interaction, and more willing to indulge in more individual pursuits. More and more researchers start to adopt “preference for solitude” to refer to such group of children featuring social withdrawal. According to existing findings, the relation between preference for solitude and psychological adjustment seems to be culture-specific. Western studies indicated that preference for solitude appears to be not directly associated with psychological maladjustment. Several studies on Chinese children and adolescents found that preference for solitude is closely related to psychological, social and school maladjustment. The studies on Chinese children all investigated the preference for solitude by means of peer nomination, while the measurement of preference for solitude for Western children mostly adopted self-report. The disagreement between methods influences the comparability of findings to some extent, leading to the uncertainty about research results with regard to the cultural specificity of adaptability of preference for solitude. Because preference for solitude mainly reflects social orientation of individuals, LIU Junsheng and ZHOU Ying intended to investigate the development of preference for solitude of Chinese children and its relation with the indexes of psychological adjustment using self-report widely used by Western researchers. Findings verify the previous conclusions based on peer nomination, namely, preference for solitude is closely related to psychological maladjustment. Results indicate that:(1) There is an age difference in preference for solitude, and the children in early adolescence have a higher degree of preference for solitude, compared with those in middle childhood.(2) Preference for solitude has a significantly positive correlation with loneliness and depression but has a significantly negative correlation with self-esteem.(3)The mediating effect of peer acceptance in the relation between preference for solitude and psychological adjustment is moderated by age. Peer acceptance does not have any mediating effect in early adolescence, ad its mediating effect only appears in middle childhood.
It should be noted that the transformation of Chinese society causes great regional difference. There are great differences between regions in terms of cultural tradition and social background. Whether our findings can be applied to other regions should be further verified. However, the findings can help us understand the adaptability of preference for solitude and its possible cause and mechanism in Chinese cultural context to some extent.
The related research is completed by LIU Junsheng, Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, ZHOU Ying, Department of Educational Research, China Executive Leadership Academy, Pudong, LI Dan, the same institute as LIU’s, CHEN Xinyin, Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania. The research findings are published in the 8th issue of Acta Psychologica Sinica, 2015. The bilingual version has been launched already.

06/09/2016

The future of the dollar
The US dollar is not the world’s key currency by policy design, just as English is not the leading global language by policy design. It is the evolutionary outcome of practice and experience. It would take both a major shock to the US dollar and a viable alternative to dislodge the US dollar from widespread use. Like a common language, the US dollar enjoys “network externalities”—the greater the number of people who use and accept it is, the more useful it is to everyone and the more entrenched it becomes.
Is there a feasible alternative to the US dollar as a widely used international currency? Richard N. Cooper, professor of the Department of Economics at Harvard University, thinks that there are two kinds of currency for consideration: one kind of currency is in actual use, including the euro or the RMB; another is a synthetic currency designed to replace the US dollar, such as the special drawing right (SDR). However, both of the two schemes are not reliable and workable.
In recent years, the euro appears high popularity and is widely used in more and more countries and regions, achieving certain progress. However, euro-denominated government securities issued by different countries were not consistent, resulting in a fragmented euro capital market with low liquidity. Obviously, the euro can not replace the US dollar's international status. In addition, Due to the low yield of securities, a strong tradition of guidance and control by the Ministry of Finance, high ratio of debt to GDP, Yen can not become a world currency. What’s more, Chinese currency is not convertible for capital account transactions. Thus, the RMB is not suitable for being an international currency. Therefore, the existing currency can not replace the US dollar. So, how about a new synthetic currency? Nevertheless, it can not determine what principle that would govern issuance of the synthetic currency，when to issue and how much should be issued. Furthermore, the current situation indicates that SDRs can be used only by national monetary authorities, the IMF, as well as selected designated institutions, but can not benefit the private parties. Therefore, this kind of currency is unavailable and worthless for America whose financial markets are operated by and largely for private parties. What is more, once the US dollar is replaced by the new synthetic currency, how to deal with all the US dollars that are held today in both private parties and government. Hence, a new synthetic currency can not replace the US dollar.
Certainly, the 2008-2009 financial crises made many people worry that such large US public debt would shake the US dollar’s international dominance. However, not only America was affected by the financial crisis, other countries also sank into the same plight, and even worse. In addition, some other people concern about that if a country with large US dollar holdings, such as China, chooses to use its US dollar holdings as a weapon, can it shake the US financial system? In fact, no matter what measures China takes, it may lead to the appreciation of the RMB against the US dollar or an appreciation of other currencies, which no only reduces the competitiveness of China’s exports in world markets, but also arouses the displeasure of other countries except America. As a result, for practical reasons, China has acquired large amounts of US dollar securities and can not disgorge them.
To sum up, the US dollar is likely to remain the dominant international currency for many years, certainly the next decade and probably longer. Given its initial advantage of wide acceptance, no other currency seems likely to overtake it. International use of the euro will grow, perhaps even more rapidly than that of the US dollar for some years, but because of limitation on issuers and financial markets and the relative economic decline of Europe, it is not likely to displace the US dollar. In a growing world economy, there is room for both.
The related research is completed by Richard N. Cooper，a well-known expert on international economics. The research findings are published in the 1st issue of Northeast Asia Forum, 2016. The bilingual version has been launched already.

06/09/2016

New approach for high-efficient preparation of graphene
Graphene possesses excellent chemical, physical, me-chanical and thermal properties. At present, common synthetic method of graphene includes Hummers method and subsequent reduction procedure (hydrazine hydrate method etc.), mechanical stripping method and chemical v***r deposition (CVD) method etc.
Husk and cornstalk are rich renewable resources in Southern China, which have poor utilization ratio in deep processing. It is reported that those renewable resources now have been applied in some fields like papermaking, artificial floor and composite material etc. Guangdong Province is one of main producing areas of rice in China. Cultivated area in Guangdong Province is 3.33 million hm2, accounting for 10% of national cultivated area, and ranking third in China. A portion of husks are applied in fodder of livestock, bleaching, wastewater treatment and ad-sorption etc. But the utilization ratio and depth are generally low.
On the other hand, the raw material for existing graphene preparative technique is mostly highpurity graphite with high price.
Besides, the price of single-layer graphene nanosheets now is above RMB 1,000/g according to the data provided by suppliers of graphene in China. After cost accounting, the price for single-layer of husk-derived graphene nanosheets is about RMB 375/g, much lower than the current price of similar products in Chinese graphene market.
Cheng Jinsheng etc., researchers from the Institute of Hakka Health Care, School of Medicine, Jiaying University, offers Hummers-hydrazine hydrate method, that by using the strong oxidants of KMnO4 and H2O2, grapheme is prepared and has many defects (such as vacancy defect, Stone-Wales defect, doped defect and atomic absorption defect) in its structure, which would limit its application prospects. This research could contribute to the fully using of renewable husk resource in Southern China, reduce product costs, study new stripping process of graphene and supply new example for the preparation of graphene nanomaterials.
The research findings are published in the 12th issue of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Jun. 2015, Vol. 31. The bilingual version has been launched already.

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