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Science Repository, Sepapaja tn 6, Harju maakond, Tallinn (2026)

26/01/2023

Evaluation of Green Light Exposure on Frequency of Headache and Quality of Life in Migraine Patients

Green light therapy has proven its effectiveness in skin treatment, easing pain and even fighting depression, but the research has just started its journey. It is no surprise that green always soothes our eyes. A number of studies have been conducted to find out the theory behind the action of green light and why it is the only drug-free therapeutic option for migraine sufferers. They found that blue and red lights generate the largest signals in both the retina and the cortex and green light generates the smallest signals. Another interesting experiment showed that the neurons in the thalamus that transmit signals about light from the eye to cortex were found to be most responsive to blue light and least responsive to green light, explaining why the migraine brain responds favorably to green light. Green light also boosts circadian rhythm through melatonin secretion, the hormone that regulates our sleep-wake cycles. Patients are able to function swiftly by taking advantage of this therapeutic green light. Although the idea of green light is much more appealing to migraine patients, exactly how it works remains a puzzle. There are currently no definitive guidelines for using green light for migraines. It cannot be any green light but, it should be exclusively dependent on the right intensity.

25/01/2023

B Vitamins Can be Used to Treat Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Researchers have found that elevated blood levels of an amino acid – homocysteine can be correlated strongly with the severity of an advanced form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Scientists also discovered that vitamin B12 & folic acid could be used to prevent or delay disease progression. These findings may help people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – an umbrella term for a range of liver conditions affecting people who drink little to no alcohol. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease constitute fat build-up in the liver and is a leading cause of liver transplants worldwide. Its high prevalence is association with diabetes and obesity – two major public health problems globally. As the condition progresses towards inflammation and scar tissue formation – the condition is known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). While deposition of fat in the liver is reversible in its early stages – its progression to NASH causes liver dysfunction, cirrhosis and increases the risk for liver cancer. Scientists found that, as homocysteine level gets increased in the liver – the amino acid attached to various liver proteins, changes their structure and impedes their functioning. In particular, when homocysteine attached to a protein called syntaxin 17 – it blocks the protein from performing its role in transporting and digesting fat in the fatty acid metabolism, inflammation prevention and mitochondrial turnover. This showed induced development and progression of fatty liver disease to NASH.

25/01/2023

Does the Production of Transgenic Plants and Organisms Come at a Cost?

As the disease and disorder intensity is increasing exponentially with time, so there is a need for newer and more efficient medicines. If there are no model organisms, then testing medicines will not be possible. For these kinds of concerns, we have the concept of bioethics. Bioethics is the area dealing with ethical issues in the field of medicine or any other biological studies. It is a study of the typically controversial ethics which are brought about by the advances in life sciences and healthcare. However, the production of transgenic plants and organisms come at the cost of disturbing the natural genome of those organisms. The idea of “human cloning” also sounds fascinating, but that is not as great in reality. Producing human clones without regulation may lead to various serious concerns like overpopulation, increase in diseases, exhaustion of limited resources and many more. Also, this can act against the balance of nature. We know that nature promotes variation in the gene pool of organisms. Cloning can lead to the utilization of the same gene pool constantly, thus leading to a loss of vigor in the genes.

24/01/2023

The Role of Bacterial Retrons in Anti-Phage Defense

Retrons’ natural function and mechanism of genetic transmission have remained enigmatic. However, recent studies have harnessed their ability to produce DNA in situ for genome editing and evolution. Retrons are guards of the bacterial immune system that ensure the survival of the bacterial colony when it is infected by viruses. Retrons are located near the RecBCD complex which is known to exert DNA repairing activity and anti-phage defense activity. Retrons are always linked, physically and functionally, to one other gene. Mutation in one of the genes may make bacteria susceptible to phage infection. RecBCD usually degrades phage DNA as soon as it enters the host and RecBCD also plays a vital role in the acquisition of new CRISPR spacers from phage genomes. Now, phages start encoding anti-RecBCD proteins which bind to the complex and inactivate it. Under this situation, retrons sense these phage proteins and causes the infected cell to commit su***de. Cell su***de is a last-ditch means of aborting widespread infection. Retrons possess 3 components that are responsible for antiphage activity. These are- reverse transcriptase, non-coding RNA and an accessory gene with ATPase domain. Retrons appear to be a guardian of RecBCD complex. They do not sense the phage invasion itself but rather keep watch on RecBCD.

24/01/2023

Some Kind of Stress Help in Reducing Brian Illness

Research says that low to moderate stress levels help build resilience while reducing the risk of mental illnesses like depression and antisocial behaviors. According to new research, looming deadlines stressing you out at work may actually be beneficial for your brain. Low to moderate stress can also help individuals to cope with future stressful encounters. If a person is in an environment where there are some levels of stress, the person may develop coping mechanisms that will allow to become a more efficient and effective worker and will also organize in a way that will help to perform better. Good stress act as a vaccine against the effect of future adversity. The scientific analysis found that low to moderate levels of stress is psychologically beneficial and potentially act as a kind of inoculation against developing mental health symptoms. We all have at least some adverse experiences that actually make us stronger. There are specific experiences that help to evolve/develop skills that prepare for future actions. But the capacity to tolerate stress and adversity varies greatly on the individual. Certain factors like age, genetic predispositions and having a supportive community to fall back on in times of need all play a role in how well individuals manage challenges.

23/01/2023

Heart Disease and Cancers Could be Diagnosed Easily with New Rapid Test

Scientists have built a new easy-to-use test technique that could diagnose non-infectious diseases such as heart attacks and cancers more easily and quickly. The recent test functions by detecting molecular signals inside the body called biomarkers – which are already used in things like testing of COVID-19 where the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genes indicates COVID-19. There are also biomarkers for non-infectious diseases like prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood, which can sometimes act as a biomarker to indicate the presence of prostate cancer. Diagnostic tests based on DNA or RNA often require controlled temperatures and involve various multiple steps. The new test can be used at room temperature in a user-friendly process. CrisprZyme builds on CRISPR diagnostic tests that use RNA – the messenger that helps create proteins – to detect biomarkers in biological fluids like blood/urine. In their current form – these kind of tests detect RNA and then amplify the RNA by creating several copies so that the signal is read in an easier way. To eliminate the amplification process, scientists used nanozymes – tiny synthetic materials that behave like enzymes. Their enzymatic-like action increases the signal of the test, making the colorimetric analysis easier to read.

22/01/2023

Can Microbes be Used in Outer Space to Mine Resources?

Because microorganisms are the most widespread form of life on earth and are capable of colonising almost any environment, scientists usually focus on microbial life in the field of astrobiology. Moreover, small and simple cells usually evolve first on a planet rather than larger, multicellular organisms, and have an increased likelihood of being transported from one planet to another via the panspermia theory. Modern technology has already allowed us to use microbes to assist us in extracting materials on Earth, including over 25% of our current copper supply. Similarly, microbes could help serve a similar purpose on other planets to mine resources, extract useful materials, or create self-sustaining reactors.

The most promising of these candidates known to date is cyanobacteria. Billions of years ago, cyanobacteria originally helped us create a habitable Earth by pumping oxygen into the atmosphere and manage to exist in the darkest corners of the Earth. Cyanobacteria, along with some other rock-eating microbes, seem to be able to withstand the harsh conditions of the vacuum of space without much effort. On Mars, however, cyanobacteria will not even have to endure such harsh conditions. Scientists are currently working on the possibility of installing bioreactors or similar facilities on Mars, which would run entirely on cyanobacteria and provide material for the creation of fuel cells, soil crust formation, regolith amelioration, extraction of useful metals/elements, nutrient release into the soil, and dust removal.

21/01/2023

Microneedles Pierce Biofilm for More Effective Delivery of Antibiotics to Wounds

Scientists have developed a microneedle array that can puncture biofilm covering ulcerated tissues and cells. The needles deliver antibiotics to the wounds by absorption of liquid underneath the biofilm and then it gets dissolved. Scientists have developed a flexible polymer composite microneedle array that can overcome the physicochemical bacterial biofilm present in chronic and nonhealing wounds that can deliver both oxygen and bactericidal agents simultaneously. The biofilm acts as a shield and hinders antibiotics from reaching infected cells and tissues. When these microneedles pierce through the shield – they can absorb the fluid underneath and dissolve, which can deliver the antibiotic directly to the ulcerated cells and tissues. The microneedles do not cause pain since they are not long enough to touch nerve endings in the foot. The lack of proper treatment of infected ulcers can result in bacteremia and sepsis. As a result, chronic wounds are the key cause of limb amputations. The next step is in the development of the microneedles beyond the proof-of-concept stage, i.e., to find partners to conduct human tests.

20/01/2023

The Bacteria Can Power a Truly Green Revolution in Personal Electrical Devices

Recently the researchers revealed that they have figured out to engineer a biofilm that harvests the energy in evaporation and then converts it to electricity. This biofilm will have the potential to revolutionize the world of wearable electronics, powering everything from personal medical sensors to electronics. This biofilm – a thin sheet of bacterial cells about the thickness of a sheet of paper – is produced naturally by an engineered bacteria named Geobacter sulfurreducens. G. sulfurreducens produces electricity and has been used previously in “microbial batteries” to power electrical devices. But such batteries have the criteria that G. sulfurreducens is properly cared for and fed a constant diet. In contrast, this new biofilm – which can supply as much, can work continuously because it is dead. And because it’s dead, it doesn’t need to be fed. As scientists say it is much more efficient – they have simplified the process of generating electricity by radically cutting back on the amount of processing required. Researchers have sustainably grown the cells in a biofilm and then used that agglomeration of cells. This process reduces the energy inputs, making it simpler and widening the potential applications.

19/01/2023

Gallstone-Related Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis: One of the Most Common Reasons for Hospital Admission

The obstruction in pancreatic activity due to gallstone is known as gallstone pancreatitis. Mainly in gallstone pancreatitis, the stone comes out of the gallbladder and blocks the opening of the pancreas in the entry of the small intestine. It has been firmly established that pancreatitis initiation requires the passage of a gallstone from the gallbladder through the biliary tract and gallstones, that remain in the gallbladder will not cause pancreatitis. Studies in the field of anatomy have revealed that the communication between the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct is much shorter (< 6 mm) to permit the biliary reflux enter into the pancreatic duct, and an impacted gallstone can likely obstruct both the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct. Later in the course of pancreatitis, when necrosis is firmly established, biliopancreatic reflux due to a loss of barrier function in the damaged pancreatic duct can explain the observation of a bile-stained necrotic pancreas at the time of surgery. However, this should not be assumed as evidence that “reflux of bile to the pancreas is a triggering event for the disease onset”. It is essential to recognize, anticipate, diagnose, and treat the disease and its complications.

19/01/2023

Scientists Come Up with Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in the Form of a Nasal Spray

Intranasal administration of inactivated vaccines combined with an adjuvant can induce both S-IgA and IgG Abs. New nasal spray vaccine is being studied that can be an effective way of vaccinating children against the influenza virus. The nasal-spray flu vaccine contains 3 different weakened live influenza viruses. The viruses in the form of vaccine are sprayed into the nose, stimulating the body’s immune system to develop protective antibodies against the infection by naturally occurring influenza viruses. Doctors administer the sprays into the patients’ nose. The vaccine protects from catching flu in the flu season. The viruses in the nasal-spray flu vaccine (LAIV) remains attenuated, cold-adapted, and temperature- sensitive. “Attenuation” implies that the viruses are weakened and is unable to cause severe symptoms associated with influenza. Whereas “cold-adapted” and “temperature-sensitive” imply that the viruses are capable of growing in the nose and throat but remain absent in the lower respiratory tract where the temperature remains high. The weakened viruses are cold-adapted, i.e., they are designed to multiply only at the cooler temperatures found within the nose. All nasal spray influenza (flu) vaccines for the 2020-2021 season were quadrivalent, i.e., they are made using four flu viruses.

18/01/2023

Cold Induced Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) Thermogenesis

Prolonged cold exposure and beta-adrenergic agonists can induce browning of white adipose tissue. The idea of losing weight without controlling diet is quite fascinating. Researchers have uncovered the function of brown adipocytes which contain a high level of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). UCP1 is e key player in allowing the electrons to be released rather than to be stored, resulting in heat generation. When animals are exposed to cold temperature, cold is perceived by temperature sensors, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which in turn activates brown adipocytes. Norepinephrine (NE) influences the brown adipocytes to differentiate as well as directly modulates the thermogenic function in mature brown adipocytes. NE binds to the β-adrenergic receptor and via adenylyl cyclase activation, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is increased, and protein kinase A is activated and leading to triglyceride breakdown and release of free fatty acids (FFAs) which are substrates for thermogenesis and regulators of the activity of UCP1. UCP1 is able to uncouple electron transport from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and produces heat in brown adipocytes. We all know the fact that exercise burns calories. Reports suggest that BAT has a potential therapeutic role in reversing obesity and there is a search going on for agents that would stimulate the activity of the tissue.

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Monday	09:00 - 18:30
Tuesday	09:00 - 18:30
Wednesday	09:00 - 18:30
Thursday	09:00 - 18:30
Friday	09:00 - 18:30
Saturday	09:00 - 18:00