موريسكو

23/09/2024

Egypt is your best destination

Egypt is considered one of the most ancient civilizations if Egypt isn’t the most ancient civilization at all. Egyptian history extends along 5000 years at least and this history is recorded in details on papers and walls of temples. This makes Egyptian history being known well for historians. Tourists can enjoy visiting ancient monuments in any place they visit in Egypt; because Egypt has many capitals along its history all over its map! This explains all these monuments which are distributed all over Egypt. You can enjoy visiting any place in Egypt; because every place in Egypt is touristic place. Before talking about these touristic monuments in Egypt; I invite you to follow our page:

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Contents:
• Geography of Egypt
• Establishment of Egypt
• Pharaohs in Egypt
• Greeks in Egypt
• Egypt suffers greatly under Roman Ruling
• Byzantine Empire took Egypt
• Rashidun Caliphate rules Egypt
• Omayyad caliphate in Egypt
• Abbasid Caliphate rules Egypt
• Tulunids gain independence in Egypt
• Al-Ikhshid keeps Egypt independent
• Egypt becomes Fatimid state
• Ayyubids defeat crusaders
• Mamluk face Crusaders and Mongols together
• Ottomans rule Egypt
• Muhammad Ali’s dynasty restores and loses Egypt independency
• Britain restores European existence in Egypt
• Egypt became a military republic

Introduction

Egypt is the most ancient civilization in the history. History of Egypt extends along 5000 years. The beginning with establishment of small independent states. King Narmer could unify them at one state is called “Egypt” in 3200 B.C.E. For the next 3000 years; pharaohs will rule Egypt. Pharaonic age is divided into many periods some of them are strength periods and other periods are weakness periods. Dynasties which ruled Egypt along pharaonic history are 31 dynasties. Alexander the Great ended pharaonic age in Egypt in 332 B.C.E. He has no son; so his leader Ptolemy ruled Egypt and his dynasty lasted until 30 B.C.E. Romans defeated Greeks and captured Egypt which suffered greatly under their ruling due to religious conflicts. Muslims became the rulers of Egypt since 640 AD until now, but Egypt became independent under their ruling many times. Britain tried to rule Egypt in 1882, but it lost Egypt in 1956 AD. Egypt returns again to Muslims. We will take you in this journey in Egyptian history, and we will mention the most famous monuments which belong to every age, but at first; I hope you to click on “Like” to support this article to reach more readers:

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Geography of Egypt

Egypt is a country locates at the northeastern part in Africa. Egypt is surrounded with water from north by Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea from east except small piece of lands separates between the two seas which is Sinai, but Egyptians could dig Suez Canal to attach between the two seas. Egypt is surrounded with desert from west and south. Mountains in Egypt exist in the eastern part of Egypt along Red Sea shore and also in Sinai. These mountains decrease in elevation by going from south to north. To the west; there isn’t anything except desert. There isn’t any river penetrates Egypt except Nile River which penetrates Egypt completely from south to north but Nile River is near to east more than west, and this river is splatted into two smaller rivers from Cairo to Mediterranean Sea. The eastern river is called “Damietta branch”, and the western river is called “Rasheed branch”. To the south of Egypt; tropic of Cancer penetrates Egypt completely from east to west. Existence of Egypt in Sahara Desert, pe*******on of Egypt by tropic of Cancer, and existence of mountains in the eastern part where no cold air can come from Red Sea; all these factors make weather in Egypt is hot along the year except in winter when weather becomes moderate. Egypt has 1,000,000 sq km in area. Cairo is the political capital of Egypt from where Nile River begins to be splatted there, and Alexandria which locates at the northern part of Rasheed branch is considered the second biggest city in Egypt. Suez Canal attaches Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea. Red Sea itself begins to be splatted also into two gulfs at the northern part of it. The eastern gulf is called “Aqaba Gulf”, and the western gulf is called “Suez Gulf”. To know more information about relationship between location and weather; I suggest reading this article:

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Establishment of Egypt

The story of Egypt Had begun before history itself, but it is difficult to know a lot of information about civilizations which were existing before invention of writing in fourth millennium B.C.E. when history had begun in fact, but we will talk about governments in Egypt were formed before history. Egypt was divided into three main kingdoms. One of them was in Upper Egypt which its capital was near to Naqada in Qena nowadays. The two kingdoms were formed in Delta at the northern part of Egypt. One of them locates along Rasheed branch which its capital was near to Bosir in Giza governorate. And the other kingdom was locating along Damietta branch which its capital was Damanhour in Al-Bohaira governorate in the northeast of Delta. A lot of people think that Egypt became unified in 3200 B.C.E. under the ruling of King Menes, but few of people know that the first union which was established in Egypt had happened before that date with complete union in 4242 B.C.E. when the three kingdoms were unified together to form the first unified Egypt before history which will begin after that time with whole millennium under the ruling of King Menes; so it is ordinary to say that Egypt was a civilization when universe was just a pile of dusts! The capital of this unified country was near to “Ain Shams” in Cairo city which means also that Cairo was the first capital for Egypt even before history itself! This union ended after passing short time to make Egypt returning to be under the ruling of many governments again, but at that time; Egypt was divided into two kingdoms not three. One of them was locating to the north all over Delta area. This kingdoms was called “kingdom of north” which its capital was called “Buto” which locates near to Desouk city in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate. This kingdom worships snake, and takes papyrus flower as a slogan on its flag. This kingdom has a king puts red crown on his head. The other kingdom was locating to the south in Upper Egypt. The capital of this kingdom was called “Nekhen (Hierakonpolis)” which locates near to Edfu city in Aswan Governorate. You can visit its temple there by yourself. This kingdom is called “kingdom of south” which its god was eagle’s female, and it took lotus flower as a slogan on its flag. The king puts white crown on his head. The union began after the victory of the southern kingdom which its King Menes (Narmer) could kill northern kingdom’s king at the end in 3200 B.C.E.

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Pharaohs in Egypt

Pharaohs in Egypt weren’t one royal dynasty who ruled Egypt along this long period. Pharaonic dynasties in Egypt are 30 pharaonic dynasties which means that every pharaonic dynasty of them ruled only for one century in average. Pharaonic history is divided into strength ages when Egypt was strong country could establish great civilization in addition to establishment giant empire could conquer neighboring countries, and weakness ages when Egypt was too weak to the degree which makes Egypt was subjected to foreign invasion in addition to splitting Egypt itself into many kingdoms. According to this concept; we can divide ages of weakness and strength in Egypt along pharaonic history into many ages which are:

• Early Dynastic Period “Thinis age” (3200 B.C.E – 2690 B.C.E): it was strength age:
- 1 dynasty (3200 B.C.E – 2890 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 9 kings.
o Events: King Narmer established pharaonic age in Egypt after destroying northern kingdom. He ruled for 60 years, and after his death; his sons sent a lot of invasions to the desert; in order to preventing tribes from conquering Egypt. Capital was “Thinis” which locates near to Girga city in Sohag Governorate.
o Economy: King Narmer and his sons built palaces where governmental affairs were managed there. Building palaces more than any other thing aims to establishment of ruling place can organize Egypt until Egypt reaches its stability; so it is difficult to find other buildings belong to this dynasty except ancient palaces.
o Religion: Horus was the god.
- 2 dynasty (2890 B.C.E – 2686 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 12 kings.
o Events: at the end of the first dynasty’s ruling; Egypt returned again to be splatted into the two previous kings before ruling of King Narmer. New dynasty became the ruler and it could reunify Egypt again forever which is the second dynasty. The king who could do this is Khasekhemwy but he wasn’t the first king in this dynasty; he was the last! The capital was Thinis.
o Economy: it continues economic efforts which the previous dynasty had begun before.
o Religion: Horus was the god.

• Old kingdom ”pyramids builders age” (2686 B.C.E – 2180 B.C.E): it was strength age:
- 3 dynasty (2686 B.C.E – 2613 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 5 kings.
o Events: at the end of ruling of the second dynasty; chaos return again to Egypt without splitting of Egypt again. King Djoser could finish these chaos who established new dynasty which is the third dynasty. This king transported capital from Thinis in the north to Memphis which locates near to Cairo nowadays which means that the new capital became in the north.
o Economy: after building palaces during the previous dynasties; now it is the time to build religious buildings; in order to building the places which can preserve Egypt from division again and nothing can do that like religion which keeps any country from collapse. Any religion wants its worshipping places like temples and tombs. This dynasty built too big tombs which we call them as pyramids. The most famous pyramid which belongs to this dynasty is Saqqara pyramid which was built by king Djoser.
o Religion: God was Amon.
- 4 dynasty (2613 B.C.E – 2494 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 8 kings.
o Events: King Sneferu established this dynasty and his sons continued his path which was the same path of the previous dynasty.
o Economy: we can say that this is the golden age of building pyramids. The most famous pyramids in the world and they are considered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world are Giza pyramids in Cairo nowadays. The biggest pyramid was built by King Khufu. The middle pyramid was built by King Khafre who built sphinx at the same place also. King Menkaure built the smallest pyramid.
o Religion: no one knows how the ruling of this dynasty ended. But some historians say that a religious conflict was the cause of this. As a result of building religious places like pyramids and temples; authority of clergymen increased accordingly who could remove this dynasty from ruling Egypt. God was Amon.
- 5 dynasty (2494 B.C.E – 2345 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 9 kings.
o Events: King Userkaf established this dynasty after giant religious conflict ended the ruling of the previous dynasty in Egypt. Egypt is surrounded with desert where tribes are living. These tribes attack Egypt a lot which makes this dynasty to establish strong army to conquer them in the desert. Conquers reached to Palestine; so this dynasty established the first marine fleet in Egypt and the history to facilitate conquering Palestine.
o Economy: as a result of establishing strong marine fleet; commercial fleet was established also which enhanced economy a lot in Egypt after communication with neighboring countries. This was the first time when Egypt began to hold commercial relationships with its neighbors.
o Religion: Amon was the god.
- 6 dynasty (2345 B.C.E – 2181 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 6 kings.
o Events: King Teti established this dynasty. Economy was the first interest of this dynasty.
o Economy: after holding commercial relationships with neighbors; the result was evolution of economy a lot which makes this dynasty was interested in building a lot of things to spend money which come from these commercial relationships. King Pepi I was the most famous king who was the most king who built buildings in this dynasty. King Pepi II ruled for 94 years which makes its ruling period is the longest ruling period along the history!
o Religion: Amon was the god.

• First Intermediate Period (2181 B.C.E – 2040 B.C.E): it was weakness age:
- 7 dynasty:
o Number of kings: 70 kings!
o Events: this is weakness age when the authority of the pharaoh doesn’t exceed its capital. Every city in Egypt became an independent state. The result of all these events was chaos only all over Egypt. Tribes around Egypt began to attack Egypt. A lot of military coups happened in the capital which explains this great numbers of kings who belong to this dynasty.
o Economy: Economy becomes weaker after these events; due to destruction of most commercial buildings; in addition to making people being busy with chaos not being busy with evaluation of economy.
o Religion: every city has its own god, but Amon was the greatest god among them which was the god of the capital.
- 8 dynasty:
o Events: the same events happened with this dynasty also, and capital became in Ahnasiya.
o Economy: economy became weaker than before.
o Religion: Amon was the main god also, but Amon lost its authority after transportation of capital.
- 9 dynasty:
o Events: the same events which happened along ruling of the previous dynasty happened here also with the same details.
o Economy: Economy was still weak.
o Religion: exactly like the previous dynasty.
- 10 dynasty:
o Events: the same events which happened along ruling of the previous dynasty happened here also with the same details.
o Economy: Economy is still weak.
o Religion: exactly like the previous dynasty.

• Middle Kingdom (2040 B.C.E – 1802 B.C.E): it was strength age:
- 11 dynasty (2040 B.C.E – 1991 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 16 kings.
o Events: chaos should end, and this happened when the king of Thebes could conquer all cities in Egypt to establish new age of strength. The king who I mean is called “Mentuhotep II”. Ruling of Egypt is transported from Ahnasiyan dynasties which were taking Ahnasiya as a capital to be under the capture on new group of dynasties which are “Thebes’s dynasties” who ruled Egypt for many millenniums and everything evolved in Egypt under their ruling like economy and army. The ruling of these dynasties begun with 11 dynasty which its first king was “Mentuhotep II”. We can consider king “Mentuhotep II” as a second Narmer who could unify Egypt before.
o Economy: Egypt was evolved a lot in economy under the ruling of this dynasty especially in agriculture and mining, but this dynasty didn’t send any external invasions outside Egypt.
o Religion: Amon was the god.
- 12 dynasty (1991 B.C.E – 1802 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 8 kings.
o Events: King Amenemhat I was a minister in the royal palace at the end of ruling of 11 dynasty which last kings were too weak which enables this minister to capture the authority after that to establish new dynasty which is 12 dynasty. This minster was an akin for the previous dynasty who put him in his position as a minister. King Amenemhat I could negate the authority of regions’ rulers completely. This dynasty invaded deserts around Egypt where tribes were living there.
o Economy: King Senusret I and King Senusret III are the most famous kings in this dynasty who built a lot of buildings which evolve economy greatly especially agricultural buildings like dams and irrigation conduits. King Senusret III could dig the first canal attaches between Mid Sea and Red Sea in the history, but this canal was attached with the eastern branch of Nile River and this canal is called “Sizostris channel”. This canal evolved economy greatly; because it evolved commercial activities with the neighboring kingdoms.
o Religion: Amon was the god.

• Second Intermediate Period (1802 B.C.E – 1550 B.C.E): it was weakness age:
- 13 dynasty (1802 B.C.E – 1650 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 60 kings.
o Events: as soon as the ruling of 12 dynasty had collapsed; Egypt returned again to be divided into two kingdoms one of them was to north and the other was to south exactly like situation before establishment of pharaonic age. The dynasty which was ruling Thebes to the south was 13 dynasty.
o Economy: economy became weaker after this chaos in Egypt and division of Egypt.
o Religion: Amon was the god in places where this dynasty were ruling in Egypt.
- 14 dynasty (1725 B.C.E – 1650 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 76 kings.
o Events: at the same time when 13 dynasty was ruling Upper Egypt to the north; another dynasty was ruling in Delta to the south which was 14 dynasty. The capital of this dynasty was Sakha city in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate.
o Economy: economy becomes weaker due to chaos in Egypt and division of Egypt.
o Religion: their Canaan origin means they have the Semitic religions like worshipping of the god Baal.
- 15 dynast “Hexose” (1725 B.C.E – 1550 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 4 kings.
o Events: we mentioned that all previous Egyptian kings were sending external conquers to surrounding desert; in order to preventing tribes from attacking Egypt, but when Egypt was splatted into two ruling dynasties; some of those tribes came from the northeastern part of Egypt from Palestine (Gaza city) who were called “Hexose” could conquer Egypt and end the ruling of 14 dynasty. Their capital was Avaris which locates in Faqus city in Sharqiyah Governorate. Hexose could exploit their superiority in weapons like military carts to conquer Egypt. Falling of Egypt under the capture of Hexose represents the first time when Egypt falls under the capture of foreign conqueror. After that; foreign conquerors for Egypt will never stop invasion Egypt forever. Hexose are considered 15 dynast in Egypt.
o Economy: Hexose are Bedouin tribes which means that they didn’t have civilization; so they were imitating Egyptians in everything; in order to attract gratifications Egyptians, but Egyptians hated them.
o Religion: Hexose were Canaan people; so they were worshipping Baal. Hexose were respecting Egyptian religion. Hexose could defeat Egyptians; due to their superiority in weapons like military carts which helped Egyptians later to establish strong army. For more information about these weapons; I suggest reading this article.

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- 16 dynasty (1650 B.C.E – 1582 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 15 kings.
o Events: to the south; Egyptians retreat to Thebes far from Hexose in north where they could establish new dynasty which is 16 dynasty, but this kingdom in south wasn’t strong enough to dismiss Hexose. We should mention here that
o Economy: economy becomes weaker and weaker; due to wars which happened between this dynasty and Hexose.
o Religion: this kingdom could maintain its religion without any changes; because Hexose didn’t rule it and even if Hexose could rule it; they wouldn’t change religion there.
- 17 dynasty (1582 B.C.E – 1550 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 9 kings.
o Events: revolution against Hexose in Egypt increased by the time. King Seqenenre Tao had been killed in battles against Hexose; so he is called with “The martyr king”, but his son Kamose completed his struggle until he died also. With the death of king Kamose; ruling of 17 dynasty ended to begin new dynasty under the ruling of the other son of King Seqenenre Tao who is King Ahmose I.
o Economy: economy is still in its case without changes; due to spending of state coffers’ money on wars against Hexose.
o Religion: Thebes could maintain its religion far from Hexose.

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• New Kingdom (1550 B.C.E – 1085 B.C.E): it was strength age:
- 18 dynasty (1550 B.C.E – 1292 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 15 kings.
o Events: this dynasty is one of the most famous dynasties in Egypt at all. We can say that Egypt lived its golden age under the ruling of this dynasty which had begun with King “Ahmose I” who was the son of King Seqenenre Tao. King “Ahmose I” could dismiss Hexose, and he knows that security of Egypt begins from Palestine and Sudan not from Egypt itself; so he conquered them to secure Egypt. Successors of King “Ahmose I” like King “Thutmose II” could conquer Iraq and Ethiopia! King “Thutmose II” Widow (Queen Hatshepsut) benefitted from capturing new areas to evolve economy which became weaker after all these invasions inside and outside Egypt by sending commercial expeditions to far countries like Somalia. Deir el-Bahari mortuary temple in Luxor was built by this queen. We can say that this queen was the first queen who ruled Egypt but it will never be the last. She may be also the first queen all over the history! King “Thutmose II” son (King Thutmose III) became the king after this queen who formed the first empire in the history by capturing Armenia, Turkey, Cyprus, in addition to restoring Ethiopia. Expansion of Egypt stops at these invasions and the next kings maintained the captured areas until coming of King Akhenaten who lead religious revolution which makes Egypt weaker. This dynasty ended with the ruling of King Horemheb who was strong king, but the ruling of this dynasty collapsed after his death.
o Economy: economy didn’t evolve a lot as a result of these wars, but Queen Hatshepsut tried to evolve economy by the way which is mentioned now.
o Religion: Amon was the god until King Akhenaten changed religion in Egypt to worship one god which is Aten. He left Thebes and built new capital in Tel el-Amarna which locates in Minya Governorate, but after his death; his son Tutankhamun restored Amon worshipping again. King Tutankhamun has the most famous tomb in the history and he is the most famous Pharaonic king at all; although he didn’t do anything except restoring Amon worshipping! The golden mask of this king in Egyptian Museum in Cairo Governorate is one of the most famous monumental pieces in the world till now. This king returned to the ancient capital Thebes again.
- 19 dynasty (1292 B.C.E – 1189 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 8 kings.
o Events: Egyptian empire was ruling many ethnic groups; so when weakness time comes; they became independent from Egypt like what happened at the end of the previous dynasty’s ruling, but the minister of King Horemheb (Ramesses I) became the king after King Horemheb’s death who could establish 19 dynasty, but he wasn’t a relative for King Horemheb; so he is considered the establisher of new dynasty. He tried to reunify the empire but he couldn’t. The next King (Seti I) restored the empire of Egypt again by conquering all areas where King “Thutmose III” had invaded before. He built The Abydos Temple in Suhag Governorate. King (Seti I) was one of the most famous Pharaonic kings at all who is called “Ramesses II”. Hittites in Syria tried to be independent, and after 20 years from wars with them especially Battle of Kadesh which was the first big battle in the history; Egyptian king implemented an agreement with Hittites gives them independence and they became allies for Egypt after that. This agreement was the first agreement in the history. He built Abu Simbel temple in Aswan Governorate where you can watch sun which becomes perpendicular to“Ramesses II” statue in 22 February every year from 6:52 AM to 7:12 AM at that day. His son King Merneptah neglected the army which encourages armies from Cyprus, Libya, and Greece to destroy his fleet in Mid Sea, and they tried to conquer Delta, but the previous Egyptian army’s leaders could repel them when this king summoned them. This was the first time when Europe tried to conquer Egypt. After this king’s death; the most Egyptian colonies became independent.
o Economy: economy was suffering from these wars.
o Religion: religion stays without changes since the ruling of King Tutankhamun who belongs to the previous dynasty.
- 20 dynasty (1189 B.C.E – 1077 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 10 kings.
o Events: King “Ramesses III” tried to restore the glory of Egyptian Empire, but all he could do is preventing neighboring kingdoms from invasion Egypt by conquering them inside their lands. All kings in this dynasty are called “Ramesses”, but all of them are too week except King “Ramesses III” who was the last strong king of Thebes dynasties. King “Ramesses III” built The Karnak Temple in Luxor Governorate which is considered one of the most famous temples in the world. The last king was King (Ramesses XI). We should refer here that this dynasty was the last strong dynasty in pharaonic history in Egypt.
o Economy: economy became weaker as a result of this chaos and external wars.
o Religion: successors of King “Ramesses III” were too weak and authority became under the capture of Amon’s clergymen.

• Third Intermediate Period (1077 B.C.E – 656 B.C.E): it was weakness age:
- (21 – 22 – 23 – 24 – 25) dynasty.
o Number of kings: (7 – 11 – 10 – 2 – 7) kings.
o Events: Egypt lost all its external colonies which conquered Egypt itself for short time and then Egypt restores its independence for short time to be conquered by another colony and so and so! Libyans conquered Egypt at first, then some dynasties belong to Nubian origin like 25 dynasty ruled Egypt which fallen after that under the capture of Assyrians who came from Iraq. We should mention here that Persian and Greek interventions increased greatly during this period which will open the road for Persian and Greek invasions after that. We should mention that Thebes’s dynasties stop existence after 20 dynasty ruling ended to begin the ruling of Tanis dynasties since 21 dynasty who were their capital locates in Tanis in Sharqia Governorate which became the capital.
o Economy: no strong economy can be built within this great chaos.
o Religion: every Empire conquers Egypt makes its god the formal god of Egypt.

• Late Period (656 B.C.E – 332 B.C.E): it was weakness age:
- 26 dynasty (656 B.C.E – 525 B.C.E):
- Number of kings: 9 kings.
o Events: this dynasty tried to resist Persian interventions but it couldn’t and Egypt became a prey for Persians who defeated the last king of this dynasty King “Psamtik III” who was defeated near to Port Said and he was taken to Persian capital where he was executed there.
o Economy: no strong economy can be built in this chaos.
o Religion: Egyptian still maintain their religions; because Egypt was independent during the ruling of this dynasty.
- 27 dynasty (525 B.C.E – 404 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 11 kings.
o Events: King “Psamtik III” was the last king of 26 dynasty. This king was defeated by Persian emperor Cambyses. Persians established new dynasty which is 27 dynasty who ruled Egypt but people in Egypt didn’t stop revolutions against them.
o Economy: chaos was ruling Egypt beside Persians; so economy didn’t evolve at all.
o Religion: Persians tried to imitate Egyptians in everything especially respecting Egyptian religion but Egyptians hated them and revolted against them.
- 28 dynasty (404 B.C.E – 398 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: one king.
o Events: this dynasty was composed of one king who could exploit conflicts between Persians themselves to revolute against them and he could dismiss them to Syria. He built new capital is called “Sais” in Gharbia Governorate. This great king is called “Amyrtaeus (Psamtik V)”.
o Economy: nothing is changed in economy as a result of this chaos.
o Religion: Egypt could restore its health again and Egyptians returned to practice their religious rituals freely without existence of Persians.
- 29 dynasty (398 B.C.E – 380 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 5 kings.
o Events: the minister “Nepherites I” revolted against King Amyrtaeus who was executed by his minster! King “Nepherites I” established 29 dynasty which was pharaonic dynasty. Capital was Mendes in Dakahlia Governorate.
o Economy: kings of this dynasty tried to evaluate economy by widening commerce with neighboring countries.
o Religion: Egyptians practiced their religious rituals freely.
- 30 dynasty (380 B.C.E – 343 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 3 kings.
o Events: this dynasty was the last pharaonic dynasty which rules Egypt which means that this dynasty represents the conclusion of pharaonic history which extends for 3 millenniums.
o Economy: economy flowered greatly after commercial efforts which were done by this dynasty and the previous dynasty.
o Religion: Egypt maintained its religion exactly like its independence.
- 31 dynasty (343 B.C.E – 332 B.C.E):
o Number of kings: 4 kings.
o Events: Persians could conquer Egypt again, and they formed 31 dynasty which wasn’t Egyptian dynasty, but historians considered it as the last dynasty in pharaonic history. This dynasty lasted for 10 years only until Alexander the great could end pharaonic history forever by defeating this dynasty.
o Economy: it became weak due to wars between Alexander the great and this dynasty.
o Religion: it doesn’t differ from what was happening with 27 dynasty which was Persian dynasty also.

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Greeks in Egypt

King Philipp could unify Greece in 360 B.C.E. who was assassinated later in 336 B.C.E. His son Alexander the great became the king who had attacked Persian Empire which fallen completely under his capture. Alexander invaded Egypt in 332 B.C.E. People in Egypt received him with greetings; because they saw him as a savior from Persia oppression. Alexander respected Egyptian religion and he established new capital bears his name “Alexandria”. In Babylon in 323 B.C.E. Alexander died with no son and his leaders divided his empire accordingly. “Ptolemy” became the king of Egypt whose dynasty will be the new royal dynasty in Egypt for the next 3 centuries. All successors of this king are called “Ptolemy” also from him who was “Ptolemy I” until “Ptolemy XV”! Ptolemaic age is divided into three periods:

• The first period (323 B.C.E – 222 B.C.E): in this period; rulers of Egypt were interested in evaluation of Egypt in economy by exploiting their capital as a port for trading with all countries in Mid Sea. For this purpose; they built Lighthouse of Alexandria which was one of the seven wonders in the ancient world. Ptolemaic rulers tried to attract gratification of people in Egypt by respecting religion in Egypt. For this purpose; they established a lot of temples in Egypt. They were also interested in science; so for this purpose they built Alexandria library. There weren’t any great external conquers happened during this period, but also; there wasn’t any force could conquer Egypt itself.

• The second period (222 B.C.E. – 117 B.C.E.): Ptolemaic princes entered great conflicts against each other and every prince of them tried to reach authority by any way even he will kill all his whole family, but Egypt was still strong and there isn’t any force tried to conquer Egypt, but Egypt was suffering from Roman interventions greatly.

• The third period (117 B.C.E – 30 B.C.E): Roman interventions increased until Egypt became too weak to face The Roman Empire which was surrounding Egypt from every side. Romans were busy with their civil wars which took their interest far from invasion of Egypt at first, but all of this ended when “Caesar Augustus” could defeat Queen “Cleopatra VII” in Actium battle in 31 B.C.E. This queen suicided after passing one year in 30 when Roman entered Alexandria. By suiciding of this queen; this royal dynasty stopped existence forever. We should mention here that due to this great conflicts for throne; many queens ruled Egypt like “Berenice III - Arsinoe IV - Cleopatra VII”. Those three queens are sisters. For the first time in the history; falling of Egypt under the capture of Romans made Egypt becoming a state in foreign empire not Egyptian dynasty rules Egypt under the ruling of external force. Temple of Tentyra (Denderah) in Qena Governorate was built by Ptolemaic rulers.

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Egypt suffers greatly under Roman Ruling

Rome was built by “Romulus” in 735 B.C.E at the same period of Third Intermediate Period in Egypt. This city could unify Italy and then it could defeat Carthaginians in Punic Wars. After defeating Carthaginians; Greek was captured later. This means there isn’t any country outside Roman authority in Mid Sea except Egypt which fallen under the capture of Romans in 30 B.C.E as we mentioned above. United Roman Empire ruled Egypt since that date until 395 AD. This age was full of revolutions against Romans and chaos which happened due to conflicts between Greeks and Jews, and then conflicts happened between Romans and Jews who lead big revolution in 115 AD which was faced with violence by Romans. In 269 AD; Syrian queen is called “Septimia Zenobia” could capture Egypt, but Romans could defeat and kill her at the end. Christianity spreads in Egypt greatly which makes the Roman Emperor “Diocletian” trying to oppress Christians violently and the result was naming his ruling with “the age of martyrs”, and the year 303 AD became the beginning of Coptic calendar (Alexandrian calendar); because this year was the bloodiest year along Egyptian history! After passing few years; Emperor Constantine adopted Christianity in 325 AD as the official religion in the Roman Empire, but this doesn’t mean stopping religious revolutions against Romans in Egypt; due to some differences in doctrines in Christianity between Egypt and Rome. Romans were interested in trading and Egypt was one of the most commercial ports especially Alexandria. Due to giant agricultural resources of Egypt; Romans were bringing food from Egypt to Rome by using Alexandria port. There are a lot of roman monuments which you can visit in Egypt like The Roman Theatre in Alexandria.

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Byzantine Empire took Egypt

In 395 AD; The Roman Empire was splatted into two empires one of them to the west and the other to the east. Egypt became under the capture of Eastern Roman Empire which is called “Byzantine Empire”. In 479 AD; Western Roman Empire stopped existence forever. Alexandria in Egypt has its own church and Constantinople which was the capital of Byzantine Empire has its own church also. This means there is two doctrines in Christianity in Egypt one of them is adopted by Alexandrian church and the other was adopted by Byzantine church. Christian Byzantine Empire oppressed Christians in Egypt even more than pagan Roman Empire before that! This lead to establishment of monasticism which adopts worshipping inside isolated places in deserts are far from the capture of authority. We can find a lot of Monasteries which were built in desert in Egypt like Saint Catherine's Monastery in Sinai in Egypt. All these conflicts in Egypt and the whole Empire caused great weakness in Empire which enables Persians to capture Alexandria in Egypt in 619 AD until their dismissal from it forever in 628 AD. We should mention here that the holy Quran could expect this dismissal of Persians in this Verse: “The Byzantines have been defeated {2} in the nearest land, but they, after their defeat, will overcome {3} within three to nine years. To Allah belongs the command before and after, and that day the believers will rejoice {4}” (Surah Ar-Rum). The Holy Quran detects the date of Romans victory (628 AD) by saying that it will happen after passing nine years at most after defeating Romans (619). If we assumed time between defeat and victory; we will find it will be 9 years exactly! Who told Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) with these details with exact numbers about an event will happen in the future? The answer is for you. Persian invasion makes weakness increasing more and more which lead later to capture Egypt by Muslims in 640 AD. Since that date; Egypt will never return to Romans again forever. Economy during this period is an extension for economy in unified Roman Empire, but economy became weaker after all these conflicts between Romans and Egyptians. Persian invasions makes economy to be weaker than before. Saint Catherine's Monastery in Sinai is the most famous building which belongs to this period.

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Rashidun Caliphate rules Egypt

Arabs were tribes fighting each other all the time in the desert of Arabian Peninsula. This ended with coming of Islam who could unify Arabs for the first time under the leadership of Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) who didn’t took Egypt. After death of Prophet Mohammed (PBUH); his successor Caliph Abu-Bakr (may god be pleased with him) didn’t took Egypt also, but he defeated Byzantine troops in Syria and Palestine. Caliph Omar (may god be pleased with him) could take Egypt in 640 AD. Byzantines attacked Egypt from Mid Sea without no result. Egypt evolved greatly under the ruling of Caliph “Osman”. Great chaos happened after his killing in the events which are known with “fitnah” which ended with killing his successor also Caliph Ali (may god be pleased with him). In order to stopping this chaos; Caliph Al Hassan (may god be pleased with him) who was the son of Caliph Ali (may god be pleased with him) abdicated throne in favor of “Muawiyah I” (may god be pleased with him). Al Hassan (may god be pleased with him) was the last Rashidun Caliph. People in Egypt overcome Muslims who were received as savers for Egypt from Byzantine oppression. Muslims were respecting Christianity in Egypt when they rebuilt churches which were destroyed by Byzantines who were Christians! Amr ibn al-As (may god be pleased with him) who was the leader who captured Egypt permitted to Patriarch Benjamin to return Alexandria which indicates how much Muslims respect Christianity even more Christians themselves! During fitnah; Egypt was far from chaos; because chaos happened in Iraq and Syria. We can mention some famous monuments belong to this age like Amr ibn al-As Mosque in Cairo Governorate which is considered the second biggest mosque in Egypt after Al-Azhar Mosque.

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Omayyad caliphate in Egypt

After this abdication; Muslims established the first dynasty which ruled Muslims which is Omayyad Caliphate since 661 AD until 750 AD. No changes happened in Egypt under the ruling of this dynasty which Egypt evolved greatly especially in economy under its ruling. We can say that Egypt found the greatest stability case along its history under the ruling of this dynasty!

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Abbasid Caliphate rules Egypt

New Islamic dynasty ruled all Islamic restrictions which was Abbasid dynasty. The last Omayyad caliphate was killed by Abbasids in Egypt after his escaping from Damascus which was the capital of Omayyad caliphate. After passing one century from Abbasid ruling; Abbasid caliphate became too weak which encourages its governorates to announce independence. Egypt was one of them.

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Tulunids gain independence in Egypt

This dynasty was the first independent dynasty which rules Egypt without dependency for any foreign empire at all since Ptolemaic dynasty! The story had begun when Ahmad ibn Tulun became the governor of Egypt under the ruling of Abbasids. Some revolutions happened in Syria; so Abbasid caliphate ordered Ahmad ibn Tulun to form an army and fighting them. This army was the army of Egypt which enables Ahmad ibn Tulun to announce his independency after that in 868 AD. Abbasids tried to restore Egypt again from his son Khumarawayh, but after failure in achieving that; Abbasid caliphate got married with Khumarawayh’s daughter princess “Asma (Qatr al-Nada)”. Economy in Egypt evolved a lot; due to stability of Egypt since Omayyad Caliphate till this period until the degree which makes Egypt spending a lot of money on Qatr al-Nada’s wedding party! Ahmad ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo Governorate is one of the most famous monuments which belong to this dynasty.

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Al-Ikhshid keeps Egypt independent

After the death of Khumarawayh; his sons were too weak which enabled Abbasids to restore Egypt again in 905 AD. To prevent independence of Egypt again; Abbasids were assigning governorates for short time before resigning them again but one of their governorates is called “Muhammad ibn Tughj” could became independent with Egypt again who called himself with “Al-Ikhshid”. This ruler could keep Egypt as an independent country against Avidities of Abbasid caliphate from east and Fatimid caliphate from west. Al-Ikhshid was repelling Fatimid attacks against Egypt and he was helping Abbasid caliphates on their conflicts on authority; in order to preventing them from attacking Egypt. Egypt became independent in 935 AD when Al-Ikhshid became the ruler of Egypt. His sons weren’t with his same efficiency; so Egypt returned to be a state in foreign empire again but this time under the ruling of Fatimid caliphate.

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Egypt becomes Fatimid state

Fatimid caliphate was establish in Tunisia in 909 AD. It could unify all North Africa except Egypt which joined them in 969 AD. Fatimid caliphate was Shiite caliphate whereas Abbasid caliphate was Sunni caliphate. For spreading Shiite doctrine; Fatimid built Al-Azhar Mosque which became the biggest mosque which publishes Sunni doctrine after Fatimid caliphate fallen! A lot of events happened in Egypt during their ruling like drought lasted for 7 years (1064 - 1071) when Nile River became dry completely! The result was making Egypt too weak which enables Fatimid governorate came from Lebanon is called “Badr al-Jamali” to be the prime minister in Egypt, and his sons inherited his position after that until the end of this caliphate. In 1095; crusaders attacked Palestine, and they defeated Fatimid army near to Gaza city without continuing for Egypt; because Gaza city and Ashkelon didn’t fall under their capture at that time. Ashkelon fallen later in 1154 which opened the road for Egypt. The situation still like this until two ministers were fighting each other. “Dergham” asked help from crusaders, and his rival “Shawar” asked help from “Nour al-Din al-Zenki” in Syria. The final result was defeating crusaders, killing “Dergham” and “Shawar” together, in addition to assigning “Saladin” at the position of prime minister. This minister was the last Fatimid minister and he was the first member of new dynasty will rule independent Egypt which is Ayyubids. At the beginning of their ruling; Egypt has strong economy which became weaker gradually after draught and conflicts between ministers. We should mention here that Cairo was established under the ruling of Fatimid Caliphate. Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo Governorate was built by Fatimid.

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Ayyubids defeat crusaders

“Saladin” was an officer in “Nour al-Din al-Zenki” army who came Egypt to fight crusaders. Fatimid caliph assigned his uncle “Asad Al-Din Shirkho” at first. After his death; “Saladin” became the successor for his uncle who negated Fatimid ruling in Egypt forever to establish new dynasty in Egypt which became independent in 1171 after “Nour al-Din al-Zenki” death who Saladin was loyal for him completely, but after his death; Saladin became independent with Egypt. Saladin could restore Jerusalem from crusaders. After the death of Saladin; his sons divide his kingdom into many parts. One of these parts was Egypt which were ruled by weak rulers like Sultan “Mohammed Ibn Al-Adel” who gave Jerusalem to crusaders again without fighting! Sultan “Saleh Negm El–Dyn Ayyoub” restored Jerusalem again. At his last moments; crusaders sent seventh crusade campaign which attacked Damietta and they walked to Cairo but they were defeated at the road in Faraskur in Damietta Governorate. His wife Queen “Shajar al-Durr” summoned his son “Turan Shah” from Turkey to be successor of his father who could defeat crusaders in their road to Cairo at the battle of Al-Mansoura. This ruler was killed later by his officers who are called “Mamluk” who was the last ruler of Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt. Economy was suffering from a lot of problems due to spending money on wars against crusaders. The most famous monument which was built by this dynasty is Saladin’s castle in Cairo Governorate which was built to be strong hold against crusaders, but it becomes now one of the most awesome Islamic monuments in Cairo which I recommend strongly to visit it. To know more information about crusaders who were fighting Ayyubids; I suggest reading this article:

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Mamluk face Crusaders and Mongols together

Mamluk are slaves were bought by Ayyubids who prepared them to be strong fighter later. By the time; those slaves became officers in the army of Egypt. After killing “Turan Shah” in 1252 AD; they ruled Egypt for the next 2.5 centuries. There were two periods of their ruling. The first period is called “Bahri period” (1252 – 1382). The second stage is called “Burji period” (1382 – 1517). The first Mamluk sultan was a queen is called “Shajar al-Durr” who was the wife of Sultan “Saleh Negm El–Dyn Ayyoub”, but Mamluk encouraged her to marry one of them who is Sultan “Aybak“ who was killed later and she was killed after him. His son “Al-Mansour Ali” became the ruler, but he was resigned by Sultan “Qutuz”; because this sultan was a child and Mongols were preparing for attacking Egypt. Sultan “Qutuz” could defeat Mongols in The Battle of Ain Jalut and he was killed after finishing the battle. His successor was Sultan “Baybars” who fought crusaders and Mongols together. This Sultan could capture Antioch from crusaders. Two of his sons became successors of him and after them; his student “Qalawun” became the sultan whose sons like Sultan “al-Ashraf Khalil” could finish existence of crusaders by capturing Acre in 1291 AD. Due to great conflicts on authority between Bahri Mamluk; new group of Mamluk reached authority which is Burji period. In 1382; strong sultan reached authority who is Sultan “Barquq” who established the ruling of Burji Mamluk. After Sultan “Barquq” had died; there are 25 next sultan ruled Egypt within great chaos due to conflicts on authority. The most famous sultan of this group is Sultan “Qaitbay” who built the famous castle in Alexandria. Sultan “Tuman Bay” is the last Mamluk sultan who was defeated by ottomans in 1517 AD. Economy in Egypt was too strong; due to coming of clever workers from neighboring areas which Mongols attacked them. Those workers were transported later to Constantinople to serve ottomans. Without Mamluk; Islam might stop existence forever; due to Mongols and Crusaders invasions. The most famous monuments which belongs to Mamluk is Qaitbay Castle in Alexandria.

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Ottomans rule Egypt

During Mongols attacks in middle Asia; a lot of Turkish tribes left the area towards the west far from Mongols. Those tribes which habituated Turkey under the leadership of Sultan “Osman I” could establish small kingdom in 1299 AD. This new small kingdom grew rapidly by the time. Ottomans came to Egypt during the ruling of Sultan “Selim I” who could kill Mamluk Sultan “Tuman Bay” to end the ruling of Mamluk in 1517. Some revolutions happened at the end of Ottomans ruling due to heavy taxes. Europe wanted to conquer Egypt and dismiss Ottomans. The first bid was French campaign under the leadership of Napoleon (1798 – 1801) but it was defeated. Egyptians revolted against Ottomans’ governor like “Hurshid Pasha” who was the last ottoman governor for Egypt. This revolution ended the ruling of Ottomans in Egypt in 1805 after Muhammad Ali Pasha became the ruler of Egypt. Ottomans make economy in Egypt weaker due to taking clever workers from Egypt and transportation them to their capital “Istanbul”. Ottomans were Sunni caliphate and they announced that they are Caliphs after abdication of Abbasid caliphate in Cairo for them. The most famous monuments which belong to Ottomans are mosques in general like Al-Malika Safiyya Mosque in Cairo Governorate. We should mention here that Rosetta stone was discovered during Ottomans ruling when French campaign came to Egypt and its scientists could discover this stone which returns to Ptolemaic age which is used for knowing all details about pharaonic language; so Rosetta stone belongs to Ptolemaic age and ottoman age together!

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Muhammad Ali’s dynasty restores and loses Egypt independency

After Ottomans had invaded Egypt; Egypt became a state belongs to Ottoman caliphate. When Mohammed Ali was assigned by Ottomans as a governor of Egypt in 1805; he succeeded to be independent with Egypt after defeating British campaign in 1807 and killing all Mamluk leaders in Cairo Citadel (Saladin Castle) in 1811. He tried to conquer Ottomans themselves but European forces defeated him. Egypt, Algeria, and Ottomans were defeated in The Battle of Navarino in 1827 which opened the road later to fall of Egypt under the capture of Europe in 1882 AD. After Muhammad Ali’s death; his successors were too weak which enables foreign forces like France and Britain to interact in Egyptian affairs. Said Pasha began to dig Suez Canal which ended in 1869 under the ruling of Ismail Pasha who was borrowing a lot without any ability to pay these debts later. The result was paying Suez Canal itself to foreign forces. Due to this bad economic situation; Egyptians revolted against Tewfik Pasha and army revolted with them, but this ruler asked help from Britain which came to attack Egypt until it defeated the army of Egypt in the battle of Tell El Kebir in 1882 AD. Mohammed Ali evaluated economy greatly by building a lot of projects. His successors could dig Suez Canal and they borrowed a lot which makes economy becoming weaker. El Qanater El Khayreya in Qalyubia Governorate was built during the ruling of Muhammad Ali. Suez Canal is a monument also with its awesome beaches which represent best destination for any tourist. To know more information about impacts of debts on economy; I suggest reading this article:

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Britain restores European existence in Egypt

After defeating Egyptian army in the battle of Tell El Kebir in 1882; Egypt will be under the capture of Britain which didn’t resigned Muhammad Ali’s dynasty from authority in addition to letting Egyptian army working without dissolving it; in order to making Egypt to be stable without revolutions against Britain. At the end of WW1; Britain consumed a lot of food from Egypt which lead later to great starvation in 1918. In the next year (1919); Saad Zaghloul Pasha met British ruler in Egypt to demand him with independency of Egypt, but Britain banished him to Malta Island. This event unleashed big revolution in Egypt against Britain which negotiated with Saad Zaghloul Pasha to alleviate intensity of revolution. Saad Zaghloul Pasha formed government and constitution was announced in 1923. During WW2; Egypt was attacked by German troops, but they were defeated by British troops in The Second Battle of El Alamein in 1942. Egypt became calm until 1948 when Israel conquered Palestine and then Arabs including Egypt sent their armies to fight Israel, but they were defeated. Egyptian army was so furious after this defeat; so some officers in Egyptian army lead a military coup in 23 July 1952. The result was ending the ruling of Muhammad Ali’s dynasty for Egypt after resigning of king “Farouk I”. Britain became so weak after WW2; so it issued an agreement with Egypt in 1954 to leave Egypt, and Britain left Egypt after passing two years in 1956.

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Egypt became a military republic

“Muhammad Naguib” who was an officer in Egyptian army became the first president in Egypt in 1952, but he was resigned by new military coup under the leadership of “Gamal Abdel Nasser” in 1954. Egypt was suffering from economic crises after consuming its resources in serving Britain during WW2; so President “Gamal Abdel Nasser” announced Suez Canal’s nationalization in 1956; in order to funding Egyptian coffers. This means this company which was owned by Britain and France became Egyptian company. The response came from them in addition to Israel by war against Egypt at the same year. USA and Russia demanded those troops with leaving Egypt and they met this demand with retreating outside Egypt after receiving heavy casualties due to strong resistance of Egyptian people especially in the city of Port Said. This crisis is known with “Sues Crisis”. Israel was dreaming with returning Sinai again after its dismissal form Sinai in 1956. After many problems happened between Israel and Egypt; President Gamal Abdel Nasser announced blocking sailing in Aqaba Gulf in 1967. Israel was waiting this chance to attack Egypt which happened in 5 June 1967 when Israeli troops attacked Sinai and Israel could capture Sinai within six days only! Suez Canal became the border between Egypt and Israel! Along the next three years; mutual attacks between them will never stop along Suez Canal until Rogers Plan was accepted by Egypt and Israel together in 1970 which obliged them to stop fighting without issuing any peace treaty! This war is called “War of Attrition”. At the same year; President “Gamal Abdel Nasser” died, and “Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat” became the president after that. The new president spent the next three years on preparing Egyptian army for the next big battle which is the biggest battle between Arabs and Israel till now. In 6 October 1973; Egyptian soldiers passed Suez Canal and they could occupy the western bank of Suez Canal completely. Israeli troops were attacking Egyptian troops since that date until 14 October 1973 when Egypt tried to attack middle of Sinai, but all attacking troops were destroyed. This makes western bank of Suez Canal becoming empty from Egyptian troops which were existing completely at the eastern bank. In the next day (15 October); Israeli troops passed to the western bank of Suez Canal and after passing 10 days in 25 October; Israeli troops could surround Suez city and half of Egyptian army (third army) completely. War ended at that day and negotiations began between Egypt and Israel which ended with issuing peace treaty between Egypt and Israel in 1979. After its issuing; Israel will retreat completely from Sinai and in contrast; Egypt will put few troops in Sinai and both of them hold mutual diplomatic relationship. In 1974; President “Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat” converted Egypt from command market to be free market which makes industry in Egypt suffering greatly. In 1977; economic circumstance in Egypt became worse than before; due to all these wars (1948 – 1956 – 1967 – 1973) in addition to changing nature of market in Egypt; so Egyptians demonstrated against President “Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat” who faced them with violence and demonstrations stopped later with no result. In 6 October 1981; terrorists killed President “Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat”, and “Muhammad Hosni Mubarak” became the president after that. In 1986; some soldiers of Egyptian police demonstrated in streets and people joined them, but Egyptian army faced them with violence. President Mubarak ruled Egypt for 30 years, but in 2008; global financial crisis effected on Egypt greatly. Corruption and this crisis lead later to demonstrations of 25 January 2011 which obliged President “Mubarak” to resign in 11 February 2011. “Muhammad Hussein Tantawy” who was minister of defense became president until the next year when “Muhammad Morsi” who belongs to religious group is called (Muslim brotherhood) became president in 30 June 2012. We can say that resigning of President “Mubarak” and assigning of minister of defense instead; this means these events are just a military coup against President Mubarak. Demonstrations didn’t stop against President Morsi; because he was the only civil president since independency of Egypt in 1956; so army in Egypt which all previous presidents were belonging to it will never leave authority easily especially in existence of president belongs to religious group in addition to worse economic circumstance which aggravates intensity of demonstrations more and more. Demonstrations against President “Morsi” became wider in 30 June 2013. Egyptian army exploited these demonstrations to lead military coup against President “Morsi” after passing four days only in 3 July 2013. “Adly Mansour” who was President of the Supreme Constitutional Court became the president of Egypt until the next year who was civil president also! In 14 August 2013; Egyptian army broke up the sit-in Rabaa Al Adawiya Square in Cairo Governorate which belongs to President Morsi’s followers. This point was the beginning of stopping demonstrations in Egypt which will stop completely in 2019. In 2014; “Abdel Fattah El-Sisi” who belongs to Egyptian army became the president which means Egyptian army restored authority in Egypt again by using new military coup. This president is still ruling Egypt till now. Debts in Egypt under his ruling became the biggest along Egyptian history; because demonstrations didn’t stop along 8 years, and corona virus obliged government to borrow greatly along this period of chaos. In the neighboring country (Palestine); Israel is implementing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza city. This genocide threats with new war between Egypt and Israel which tries its best to dismiss citizens from their city (Gaza city) towards Sinai in Egypt! This genocide isn’t the first and it will never be the end of Israeli crimes which extend along Israeli history. To know more information about Israeli massacres along the history; I suggest reading this article:

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Conclusion

Egypt contains one third of the whole monuments all over the world, and this is relied with avoiding destruction of buildings and avoiding committing massacres against Egyptians during chaos periods as we saw above. For this reason exactly; I recommend visiting Egypt which is considered one of the safest countries all over the world. This encourages 14 million tourists to visit Egypt every year. You can be one of them if you wanted. I hope you to write in comments if you want to visit Egypt.

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