31/08/2026
This is a ground-breaking book that everyone should read! Delving deep into historical records, parish records, literature, language and the structures of Tudor society, Miranda Kaufmann proves beyond doubt that the lives of people of African descent living in Tudor Britain were actually very different from what is popularly supposed. Tudor England was a hotch-potch of different nationalities, particularly in the big cities, and when it came to foreign individuals, three things mattered: their nationality, whereby one might judge their political allegiances; their social standing - ie were they nobility, trade, military or servants (and if the latter, what grade of servant); and crucially, their religion, Christianity being the only faith that entitled one to a respectable identity, marriage licence, decent burial etc. The colour of a person's skin, while it may have been remarked upon in passing, was not a matter for judgement. And while commonly referred to as 'Blackamoors' or 'Negroes' - words which have a loaded connotation to modern ears - these descriptions of Black individuals were no more pejorative than the words 'Frenchman' or 'Spaniard' (indeed less so, given the state of relations between France, Spain and Tudor England!)
The histories of ten Black Tudor individuals are brought to life in this volume: John Blanke, Trumpeter to King Henry VIII; Jacques Francis, a salvage diver employed to retrieve treasure from the sunken Mary Rose; Diego, a sailor who accompanied Sir Francis Drake on his attempted circumnavigation of the globe; Edward Swarthye, a porter in the service of Sir Edward Wynter; Reasonable Blackman, a silk weaver living with his family in South London; Mary Fillis, a London seamstress; Dederi Jaquoah, a West African Prince who resided in England for two years in order to learn the language and establish favourable trade negotiations; John Antony, a sailor and right-hand man to a former pirate; Anne Cobble, a pr******te famed for her 'soft skin'; and Cattelena, a 'singlewoman' of Almondsbury in Gloucestershire, living independently and selling dairy produce from her cow.
All are fascinating to read, and give the lie to the modern historians' assumption that 'the racialised chattel slavery that developed Colonial America was based on a mind-set imported from England.'
Indeed, Tudor and early Stuart Britain boasted proudly that in sharp contrast to enemy states Spain and Portugal, 'England has too pure an Air for Slaves to breathe in'; William Harrison in his 'Description of England' wrote towards the end of the 16th century that 'As for slaves and bondmen, we have none ... if any come hither from other realms, so soon as they set foot on land they become as free in condition as their masters, whereby all note of servile bo***ge is utterly removed from them.'
'The English Guinea grade in this period was not a slave trade', emphasises Kaufmann; 'In 1620, Captain Richard Jobson was offered the chance to buy some young female slaves on the Gambia River, but refused. He told the African merchant, Bucko Sano, that the English were 'a people who did not deal in any such commodities, neither did we buy or sell one another, or any that had our own shapes'; this was largely true for the Tudor period and remained so for the first four decades of the seventeenth century'.
Of course as we all know, things sadly changed after that and Britain became a major participant in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, to our shame; but I'd like to think that this earlier conviction that Britain had 'too pure an Air for Slaves to breathe in' had something to do with the early abolishing of slavery in England in 1772, and Slavery Abolition Act for British Colonies in 1833.