28/12/2025
“God Was Manifest in the Flesh”?
Examining the Controversy of 1 Timothy 3:16
The King James Version (KJV) renders 1 Timothy 3:16 as follows:
“And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory.”
This wording is often cited as proof that Jesus is God. However, this verse is one of the most textually disputed passages in the New Testament, and many Bible scholars agree that the KJV rendering reflects later theological bias, not the earliest manuscript evidence.
The Manuscript Controversy
The controversy centers on one Greek word.
The KJV translates the Greek as Theos (“God”).
The earliest and most reliable Greek manuscripts instead read hos (“who”) or ho (“which”).
In ancient Greek manuscripts, the words for “God” (ΘΣ) and “who” (ΟΣ) look very similar. A single stroke added later turned “who” into “God.” Most scholars agree this change was introduced after Trinitarian theology became dominant, not by the original writer.
Because of this manuscript evidence, most modern translations avoid the word “God” altogether:
NIV: “He appeared in the flesh”
ESV: “He was manifested in the flesh”
NASB: “He who was revealed in the flesh”
NRSV: “He was revealed in flesh”
These translations reflect what is found in the earliest Greek manuscripts, such as Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus (original hand).
When rendered accurately, 1 Timothy 3:16 does not say God became a man. Instead, it speaks of Christ, the one who:
Was manifested in the flesh
Was vindicated by spirit
Was seen by angels
Was preached among the nations
Was believed on in the world
Was received up into glory
This harmonizes perfectly with the rest of Scripture, which consistently distinguishes Jesus from God:
“There is one God, and one mediator between God and men, a man, Christ Jesus.” — 1 Timothy 2:5
If Paul had meant to say “God became a man,” this would contradict his own words just one chapter earlier.
Why the KJV Rendering Is Problematic
The KJV translators worked in the early 1600s, long before many of the earliest Greek manuscripts were discovered. They relied heavily on later Byzantine texts, which already reflected doctrinal alterations.
Thus, the phrase “God was manifest in the flesh” is not a neutral translation — it is a theologically motivated rendering that does not align with the best manuscript evidence.
The truth is simple:
The original text does not say God became a man.
It says Christ was revealed in the flesh.
Scripture remains consistent: God is God, and Jesus is His Messiah, sent, empowered, exalted, and glorified by Him.
“This means everlasting life, their coming to know you, the only true God, and the one whom you sent, Jesus Christ.”
— John 17:3