05/09/2023
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The golden sarcophagus of Tutankhamun is a remarkable artifact that was discovered in 1922 by the British archaeologist Howard Carter in the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. It is the outermost of the three coffins that contained the mummy of the young pharaoh, who ruled Egypt from c. 1332 to 1323 BCE. The sarcophagus is made of quartzite, a hard stone that was carved and painted with scenes and inscriptions depicting Tutankhamun’s journey to the afterlife. The sarcophagus measures 223 x 83 x 105 cm and weighs about 1.5 tons1.
The sarcophagus was found inside a burial chamber that was sealed with a large stone door. Carter and his team had to break through the door to enter the chamber, where they saw a magnificent sight: four gilded wooden shrines that surrounded the sarcophagus. The shrines were nested inside each other like Russian dolls, and each one had a pair of protective goddesses on the corners. The innermost shrine was decorated with scenes of Tutankhamun and his wife Ankhesenamun2.
Inside the shrines, Carter found the sarcophagus, which had a large winged goddess on the lid. The goddess was identified as Nekhbet, the vulture goddess of Upper Egypt, who spread her wings to protect the pharaoh. The lid was also adorned with a row of cobras, representing the royal uraeus, and four protective deities: Isis, Nephthys, Serket, and Neith1.
Carter had to lift the heavy lid of the sarcophagus with a pulley system to reveal the first coffin, which was made of gilded wood and inlaid with semi-precious stones. The coffin had a portrait of Tutankhamun wearing the nemes headdress, a false beard, and a broad collar. The coffin also had two golden rods that crossed over the chest, symbolizing the crook and flail of kingship2.
Inside the first coffin, Carter found another coffin, which was also made of gilded wood and inlaid with stones. The second coffin had a similar portrait of Tutankhamun, but with different details. For example, the nemes headdress had stripes of blue glass instead of lapis lazuli, and the false beard was curved instead of straight2.
Inside the second coffin, Carter found the third and final coffin, which was made of solid gold and weighed about 110 kg. The third coffin had the most elaborate portrait of Tutankhamun, which was covered with a thin layer of gold foil and inlaid with glass and stones. The portrait showed Tutankhamun wearing a striped nemes headdress with two feathers and two horns on top, a vulture and a cobra on the forehead, a false beard with a gold tip, and a broad collar with floral motifs. The coffin also had two golden rods that crossed over the chest, but this time they were shaped like lotus flowers2.
Inside the third coffin, Carter found the mummy of Tutankhamun, which was wrapped in linen bandages and adorned with jewelry and amulets. On top of the mummy’s head was the famous gold funerary mask, which had a serene expression and lifelike features. The mask was made of gold and inlaid with glass and stones. It measured 54 x 39.3 x 49 cm and weighed about 11 kg2.
The golden sarcophagus of Tutankhamun is one of the most precious and iconic treasures of ancient Egypt. It reflects the artistic skill and religious beliefs of the Egyptians, who believed that preserving the body and providing it with protection and offerings would ensure eternal life for the pharaoh. The sarcophagus also reveals some aspects of Tutankhamun’s life and death, such as his age, appearance, family, and possible cause of death2.
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