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Agricultural Research Communication Centre

19/06/2025

Agricultural Reviews, Volume 46 Issue 3 (June 2025)

In vitro Seed Germination Studies in Barley Exposed to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Affiliations

Department of Biotechnology, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Chandigarh-160 032, India.

Cite article:- Pathak Ashima, Mehta T., Thakur N. (2025). In vitro Seed Germination Studies in Barley Exposed to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles . Agricultural Reviews. 46(3): 507-511. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-2637.

ABSTRACT

Background: Nanotechnology is an emerging field that could lead to novel applications in the fields of biotechnology and agriculture. The present study was conducted to test the efficacy of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the germination of barley seeds.

Methods: The current study used a chemical method to prepare ZnO nanoparticles. An absorption band at 322nm using UV/Visible spectroscopy was obtained due to the formation of ZnO nanoparticles. The seeds were given 100, 200, and 500 ppm of ZnO nanoparticles. Seeds in the control group were given distilled water. Zinc was also given as zinc nitrate (0.1M) to the seeds of the zinc- treated group.

Results: ZnO nanoparticles at higher concentrations were found to be toxic to plants, whereas their lower concentrations boosted the yield and growth of the plant. The present study showed that ZnO nanoparticles have a significant impact on the seed germination potential and could provide an alternative source for fertiliser or growth enhancers that may improve sustainable agriculture.

KEYWORDS
Barley, Growth, Nanoparticles, Seed germination, Zinc

In vitro Seed Germination Studies in Barley Exposed to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

19/06/2025

Agricultural Reviews, Volume 46 Issue 3 (June 2025)

Assam Flood and Financial Loss in Agricultural Production: A Study on Mitigation Strategy Adopted by the Farmers of Dhemaji District

Affiliations

Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785 013, Assam, India.

Cite article:- Borah Sangita, Buragohain Arpan (2025). Assam Flood and Financial Loss in Agricultural Production: A Study on Mitigation Strategy Adopted by the Farmers of Dhemaji District . Agricultural Reviews. 46(3): 500-506. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-2625.

ABSTRACT

Background: Assam is considered as a flood prone state, as this natural disaster creates devastating situation almost every year. The study was conducted in Dhemaji district of Assam which is in the list of highly flood hazard index. The district was selected to know the impact of flood on financial loss for agricultural production and to study the mitigation strategy adopted by the flood affected farmers in the district.

Methods: For that a multistage random sampling technique was adopted to select flood affected farmers from the district. Financial loss for agricultural production due to flood was estimated by calculating financial loss for crop loss, agricultural asset loss and livestock loss for the study area. Flood situation and Non flood situation was compared while going for calculation of financial loss for crop due to flood. Henry Garret ranking technique was adopted to rank the problems face by the farmers.

Result: The result reflected that net return from crop production was recorded to be less (Group I 1032.44Rs/ha and Group II 3830.99 Rs/ha) in flood situation than the non-flood situation (Group I 7051.30 Rs/ha and Group II 8330.08 Rs/ha).Total financial loss due to crop loss, asset loss and livestock loss was found to be high for size group II farmers (Rs 39094.33) then the size group I (Rs 36643.40). Majority of the respondents (79.17 per cent) preferred migration as the best coping mechanism to protect them from flood loss.

KEYWORDS
Agricultural loss, Assam Flood, Mitigation strategy, Total financial loss

Assam Flood and Financial Loss in Agricultural Production: A Study on Mitigation Strategy Adopted by the Farmers of Dhemaji District

19/06/2025

Agricultural Reviews, Volume 46 Issue 3 (June 2025)

Study of Population Dynamics of Insect-pests in Different Growing Environments and their Relationship with Microclimate of Pigeonpea Cultivars

Affiliations

Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004, Haryana, India.

Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana- 141 001, Punjab, India.

Cite article:- Kumar Rajesh, Niwas Ram, Khichar M.L., Kamboj Mohit, Kartik (2025). Study of Population Dynamics of Insect-pests in Different Growing Environments and their Relationship with Microclimate of Pigeonpea Cultivars . Agricultural Reviews. 46(3): 492-499. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-2617.

ABSTRACT

Background: Pigeonpea is a low input, rainfed crop that provides economic returns every part of the plant. Insect-pests are the major biotic constraints limiting the productivity of this crop. Keeping all these factors in mind, the present experiment was conducted to study the population dynamics of insect-pests in different growing environments and their relationship with microclimate of pigeonpea cultivars.

Methods: A field experiment was conducted at research farm of Department of Agricultural Meteorology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during Kharif season 2017. Insect-pests population was recorded from the five tagged plants at weekly interval starting from 38th standard meteorological week (SMW) till harvesting of the crop. Ground sheet method was used to record the population of larvae of M. vitrata and H. armigera. Larvae of M. vitrata and H. armigera falling on cloth sheet of size 60 cm × 60 cm laid near plant stem were counted. Web formed by M. vitrata larvae were visually counted and then removed to count larvae feeding inside the webs.

Result: In our experiment, it was found that H. armigera infestation started from 38th SMW in all the varieties and D1 and D2 sown crop while in D3 sown crop it started in 40th SMW. On the other hand the larval population of M. vitrata started from 38th SMW, 39th SMW and 40th SMW in all varieties and D1, D2 and D3 sown crops, respectively where as the formation of webs in all the varieties and D1 sown crop started from 38th SMW while in D2 and D3 sown crops started from 39th SMW and continued till 45th SMW. Mean larval population of H. armigera, M. vitrata and number of webs per plant was found highest in D1 sown crop on variety Manak.

KEYWORDS
Correlation, Helicoverpa armigera, Maruca vitrata, Microclimate, Pigeonpea

Study of Population Dynamics of Insect-pests in Different Growing Environments and their Relationship with Microclimate of Pigeonpea Cultivars

19/06/2025

Agricultural Reviews, Volume 46 Issue 3 (June 2025)

An Economic Analysis of Growth and Instability of Vegetable Production in Eastern India

Affiliations

Indira Gandhi National Open University, Regional Centre, Shimla-171 009, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Department of Agricultural Economics, Rajiv Gandhi University (A Central University), Doimukh-791 112, Arunachal Pradesh, India.

Department of Agricultural Extension, Koneru Lakshmaiah University, Vaddeswaram-522 302, Andhra Pradesh, India.

College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag, Mandi, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-175 048, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Department of Horticulture, Narayan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Gopal Narayan Singh University, Jamuhar, Sasaram, Rohtas-821 305, Bihar, India.

Cite article:- Gupta Swapnil, Devegowda S.R., Yarazari P. Shivananda, Chaudhary Jyoti, Kumar Ashutosh (2025). An Economic Analysis of Growth and Instability of Vegetable Production in Eastern India . Agricultural Reviews. 46(3): 483-491. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-2691.

ABSTRACT

Background: The study examined the patterns of growth and volatility in vegetable production within India. The instability observed in vegetable production has led to significant disruptions in both supply and farm earnings. This escalating volatility in agricultural production, prices and farm income has raised apprehensions. The research assesses the expansion and instability in the cultivation of specific vegetables, Brinjal (Solanum melongena), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Onion (Allium cepa), Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) as well as the aggregate vegetable output from the period spanning 1994-95 to 2021-22 in India.

Methods: The findings pertaining to growth (CAGR) patterns reveal a sense of inconsistency across regions, despite heightened production and increased cultivation areas dedicated to vegetables and witnessed significant increase in growth of vegetable production in India.

Result: The analysis of instability highlights that the states of Odisha, Bihar and West Bengal exhibit relatively lower susceptibility to instability compared to Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, states with larger cultivation areas. The state-level analysis does not reflect the complete picture of problems in vegetable production and production problems under estimates affects to farm income. Need for addressing risks in farm income by devising area-specific crop insurance or other suitable mechanisms.

KEYWORDS
CAGR, Instability, Production, Vegetable

An Economic Analysis of Growth and Instability of Vegetable Production in Eastern India

19/06/2025

Agricultural Reviews, Volume 46 Issue 3 (June 2025)

Aquascaping: A Review

Affiliations

Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram-695 522, Kerala, India.

Cite article:- Anaswara S.J., Rafeekher M., Hasna P.M. (2025). Aquascaping: A Review . Agricultural Reviews. 46(3): 479-482. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-2651.

ABSTRACT

Aquascaping is the method of arranging aquatic plants, rocks, stones, cave work, driftwood etc. in an aesthetically pleasing manner within an aquarium. The new aquascaping style was pioneered by Mr. Takashiamano in 1900. Proper placement of various elements in an aquascape makes it more attractive to eyes. Some important elements for aquascaping are imagination, substrate, hardscape materials, water filters, fishes etc. Proper plant selection makes aquascapes more attractive. Aquascaping styles like dutch style, jungle style, iwagumi style, nature aquarium style, biotope style, paludariums etc. are widely used today. Proper maintenance of aquascape is very important as failure of appropriate lighting, carbon dioxide supplements, temperature etc. can totally destroy the system. There is a need to boost aquascaping industry and related industries in India as there is a growing demand in the domestic as well as international market.

KEYWORDS
Aquascaping styles, Aquascaping, Elemental rules, Elements

Aquascaping: A Review

19/06/2025

Agricultural Reviews, Volume 46 Issue 3 (June 2025)

Thermodynamic Properties of Seeds: A Review

Affiliations

Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture, Pollachi, Coimbatore-642 103, Tamil Nadu, India.

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.

Cite article:- Tamilarasan, C., Jency, Poornima J. , Jerlin R. (2025). Thermodynamic Properties of Seeds: A Review . Agricultural Reviews. 46(3): 474-478. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-2605.

ABSTRACT

Study of isotherms and thermodynamic properties become essential to understand the drying and imbibition mechanisms of seeds. Among post-harvest procedures of seeds, drying is widely known and used in order to assure quality and stability during storage and shelf life. Variation of moisture content through drying is important in order to understand the interaction between water molecules and the seed components, which is the key factor for correct drying and storage. Seed viability could be maintained during long periods owing to their glass structure, as a thermodynamic unstable state, with high viscosity. Thermodynamic properties were enthalpy (Amount of energy available to do work), entropy (Amount of energy present but it not available to do work) and gibbs free energy (Differential energy between the enthalpy and entropy). Thermodynamic properties of seed water determines the reaction kinetics during seed deterioration. Thermodynamic properties showed a critical upper limit, with tolerant species having higher values then susceptible species. In general the values of critical limits of the thermodynamic parameters decreased with increasing temperature. The differential enthalpy and entropy increased in seeds with period of storage and became asymptotic as the seed lost their viability. Thermodynamics properties increased with increase in temperature, indicating that drying and water absorption do not occur spontaneously it requires external energy. A radical drop in germination follows the trend of gibbs free energy increase and enthalpy decrease, indicating intensification of endergonic reaction. Hence, it is concluded that by using thermodynamic properties of seeds the seed quality can be determined without conducting the germination test in shortest period.

KEYWORDS
Deterioration, Energy, Germination, Seed drying, Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic Properties of Seeds: A Review

19/06/2025

Agricultural Reviews, Volume 46 Issue 3 (June 2025)

Bio-agents for the Management of Blast Disease of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana): A Brief Review

Affiliations

Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Davangere University, Shivagangothri, Davangere-577 007, Karnataka, India.

Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Khaja Bande Nawaz University, Kalaburagi-585 104, Karnataka, India.

Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Lokmangal College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Wadala Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahuri-413 722, Maharashtra, India.

Cite article:- Navya H.M., Karibasappa, Kudsi Jahanara, Waghmare Tathagath, Prabhurajeshwar (2025). Bio-agents for the Management of Blast Disease of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana): A Brief Review . Agricultural Reviews. 46(3): 469-473. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-2633.

ABSTRACT

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is one of the major staple food in India. the crop yield and its quality is affected by numerous factors including pre and post-harvest pathogens, poor storage conditions, improper irrigation practices and others. Among different phytopathogens which attack the Pyricularia grisea affects major yield loss in finger millet and many researchers developed potential management strategies to combat against target pathogen. This review deals with the overall information available for the utilization of bio-agents, against blast pathogen. Various researchers reported utilization of bio-agents is an effective management strategy against blast pathogen also economical and environmentally safe. In this review we made an attempt to present detailed overview potential utilization of bio-agents in supressing Pyricularia grisea.

KEYWORDS
Disease resistance, Eco-friendly approach, Non-pathogenic microorganisms, Pyricularia grisea

Bio-agents for the Management of Blast Disease of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana): A Brief Review

19/06/2025

Agricultural Reviews, Volume 46 Issue 3 (June 2025)

Autophagy A Cellular Mechanism: A Review

Affiliations

Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Parbhani-431402, Maharashtra, India.

Cite article:- Swami S.B., Rathod P.R., Gangane G.R., Kondre B.M. (2025). Autophagy A Cellular Mechanism: A Review . Agricultural Reviews. 46(3): 463-468. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-2627.

ABSTRACT

Autophagy is a basically survival mechanism of body in which cell digests its own content to maintain cellular homeostasis in multiple stress conditions and starvation. The term ‘autophagy’ was first described in 1963 by Christian de Duve, a Japanese cell biologist to describe presence of double-membrane vesicles containing cytoplasmic constituents within the cell. These vesicles that encapsulate cytoplasm, organelles and proteins, are known as autophagosomes. After formation of autophagosome it fuses with endosomes and travels via cytoplasm to fuse with lysosomes for degradation. In lysosomes internal content material of autophagosome is degraded with the action of acid hydrolases. Autophagy is very important for regulation of diverse cellular functions i.e., growth, differentiation, response to nutrient deficit and oxidative stress, cell death and macromolecule and organelle turnover. Nutrient starvation is most typical trigger of autophagy. Depending on the mechanism by which intracellular materials are delivered into lysosome for degradation, there are four types- Macroautophagy, Microautophagy, Chaperon mediated autophagy and Crinophagy. Autophagy is important in normal development and it responds to changing environmental stimuli. It plays role in cancer and numerous important diseases such as bacterial and viral infections, liver and kidney diseases, Diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, several myopathies and cardiovascular diseases.

KEYWORDS
Acid hydrolases, Autophagy, Cellular-molecular mechanism, Stress/starvation

Autophagy A Cellular Mechanism: A Review

19/06/2025

Agricultural Reviews, Volume 46 Issue 3 (June 2025)

Reliance on Organic Farming Resulted in Food Crises in Sri Lanka: A Review

Affiliations

University Institute of Agriculture Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140 413, Punjab, India.

Cite article:- Parashar K.G., Joshi S., Kaushal S. (2025). Reliance on Organic Farming Resulted in Food Crises in Sri Lanka: A Review . Agricultural Reviews. 46(3): 457-462. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-2589.

ABSTRACT

The organic agriculture approaches for the betterment of food security at a global position. It is a disputed subject for discussion. Although, there are several types of research on the different factors in different aspects of organic farming. Most of the given data come from the deep suffering crisis in Sri Lanka. How organic farming implemented in Sri Lanka and how it performed till now in the context of farmers having small holdings remains poorly understood. Additionally, we found that somehow organic agriculture is responsible for the crisis in Sri Lanka. The major challenges for the rapid collapse of Sri Lanka were limited capacity, lack of suitable inputs and market access. Organic farming gives the impression of being one of the center stages of the crises. Some commentators have blamed Sri Lanka’s decision to go organic as the root cause of this crisis. Additionally, the event was used to smear the regenerative agriculture movement.

KEYWORDS
Adoption, Disputed, Organic farming, Regenerative, Smear

Reliance on Organic Farming Resulted in Food Crises in Sri Lanka: A Review

19/06/2025

Agricultural Reviews, Volume 46 Issue 3 (June 2025)

Abiotic Stress Management in Fruit Crops: A Review

Affiliations

College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellayani-695 522, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University, Pilicode, Kasargod-671 310, Kerala, India.

Cite article:- Dhanyasree K., Rafeekher M., Premachandran Amal (2025). Abiotic Stress Management in Fruit Crops: A Review . Agricultural Reviews. 46(3): 451-456. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-2557.

ABSTRACT

The current changes in fruit production scenario challenged the quality and quantity of fruits required for the vast population. The abiotic and biotic stresses, encountered at critical growth stages and adversely affect productivity of plants. The abiotic stresses like drought, extremes temperature floods and salinity have emerged as major challenges for production of crops. The different abiotic stressescause morphological, anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes and ultimately impacting the productivity and quality of plants. Timely intervention with appropriate adaptation strategies would help in realizing sustainable yields and further enable to overcome adverse effects of abiotic stresses. Successful cultivation of crops and attaining reasonable yields under abiotic stress situations mainly depends on the available adaptation options. Practices like modification in cultural practices, adopting novel irrigation, choice of tolerant rootstocks, choice of tolerant cultivars/crops and biotechnological approaches are to be implemented for alleviating adverse effects. Though, the productivity of fruit crops remains low in areas experiencing abiotic stresses. Therefore, focus is required for developing integrated location-specific and crop- specific adaptation strategies for various abiotic stresses. The integration of all available adaptation options would be the most effective approach in sustaining the production and productivity of fruit crops under abiotic stresses.

KEYWORDS
Abiotic stresses, Biotechnological approach, Crop specific strategies, Cultural modifications

Abiotic Stress Management in Fruit Crops: A Review

19/06/2025

Agricultural Reviews, Volume 46 Issue 3 (June 2025)

Promoting Sustainable Agriculture: Approaches for Mitigating Soil Salinity Challenges: A Review

Affiliations

Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004, Haryana, India.

Cite article:- Sarita, Bhupnesh, Goyal Vinod (2025). Promoting Sustainable Agriculture: Approaches for Mitigating Soil Salinity Challenges: A Review . Agricultural Reviews. 46(3): 444-450. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-2648.

ABSTRACT

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress which limits the agricultural productivity throughout the world. Anthropogenic strategies play a vital role in mitigating soil salinity and restoring soil health. These strategies encompass physical, chemical and biological processes, each targeting different aspects of soil salinity management. Physical processes involve the manipulation of soil and water properties to minimize salt accumulation. Improved irrigation techniques, such as drip irrigation and sprinkler systems, optimize water distribution and minimize salt buildup. Efficient drainage systems prevent waterlogging and facilitate salt leaching. Chemical processes focus on modifying the soil environment through amendments, such as gypsum and organic matter additions, to enhance soil structure, nutrient availability and salt displacement. These processes improve soil quality and salt management. Biological processes exploit the capabilities of halophytes, salt-tolerant plant species, to reduce soil salinity by accumulating salts in their tissues. Microbial inoculants or biofertilizers containing beneficial microorganisms enhance nutrient cycling, soil structure and plant tolerance to salinity. The integration of physical, chemical and biological processes offers a comprehensive approach to soil salinity mitigation. By combining these strategies, researchers and practitioners can develop tailored management plans that address site-specific conditions and crop requirements. Successful implementation of anthropogenic strategies can lead to sustainable solutions for soil salinity, improving agricultural productivity and promoting the long-term health of soil ecosystems. This comprehensive review provides insights into the latest research trends and advancements in anthropogenic strategies for mitigating soil salinity, contributing to the development of effective and sustainable approaches for soil salinity management.

KEYWORDS
Agricultural productivity, Biological processes, Chemical processes, Physical processes, Soil salinity

Promoting Sustainable Agriculture: Approaches for Mitigating Soil Salinity Challenges: A Review