Agricultural Research Communication Centre

23/08/2025

🚀 Turning Animal Waste into Energy & Sustainability

Animal waste isn’t just a smelly byproduct—it’s a powerful renewable energy source. Through a process called anaerobic digestion, manure is broken down by bacteria to produce biogas (mainly methane), which can be used for electricity, heat, or clean fuel.

🌱 Why it Matters:

Reduces greenhouse gases like methane

Produces clean energy for farms and communities

Improves sanitation and reduces odors

Creates organic fertilizer from leftover waste

Boosts income for farmers

21/08/2025

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 59 Issue 8 (August 2025)

Cadmium and Chromium Removal Capacity of Pandan Leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Ex Lindl.) and Texas Mud Baby [Echinodosus cordifolius (L.) Griseb.]

Affiliations

Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.

Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.

Cite article:- Khamlerd C., Wongmaneeprateep S., Prisingkorn W., Doan H.V., Doolgindachbaporn S. (2025). Cadmium and Chromium Removal Capacity of Pandan Leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Ex Lindl.) and Texas Mud Baby [Echinodosus cordifolius (L.) Griseb.] . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 59(8): 1312-1317. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.AF-924.

ABSTRACT

Background: This study aimed to determine removal capacity and bioaccumulation levels of the cadmium and chromium contaminate from water samples using Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. ex Lindl. and Echinodosus cordifolius (L.) Griseb, compared with the control groups.

Methods: Technically, the concentrations of Cd and Cr in water and plants were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.

Result: In our study, the concentrations of Cd and Cr in water after removal duration 7 days, different between the control and the experimental groups was statistically significant at p < 0.05. Interestingly, removal capacity experiment, P. amaryllifolius demonstrated the highest removal capacity for Cd and Cr, achieving 92.87% and 51.07% removal, respectively. Combined use of P. amaryllifolius and E. cordifolius showed slightly lower capacity, while E. cordifolius alone achieved the lowest removal capacity. The bioaccumulations of Cd and Cr in the E. cordifolius and P. amaryllifolius were tested. After 7 days of absorption, in the experiment accumulated the highest amount of Cd and Cr in the root more than the stem and leaf, respectively. The outcome of this study provides low cost, providing good efficiency in getting rid of HMs and being environmentally friendly.

KEYWORDS
Bioaccumulation, Heavy metals, Pandan leaves, Removal capacity, Texas mud baby

Cadmium and Chromium Removal Capacity of Pandan Leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Ex Lindl.) and Texas Mud Baby [Echinodosus cordifolius (L.) Griseb.]

21/08/2025

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 59 Issue 8 (August 2025)

Crop Yield Prediction using Deep Learning Algorithm based on CNN-LSTM with Attention Layer and Skip Connection

Affiliations

Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Shivaji University Kolhapur, Sakharale-415 414, Maharashtra, India.

Department of Computer Science, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburgi-585 367, Karnataka, India.

Cite article:- Kalmani H. Vijay, Dharwadkar V. Nagaraj, Thapa Vijay (2025). Crop Yield Prediction using Deep Learning Algorithm based on CNN-LSTM with Attention Layer and Skip Connection . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 59(8): 1303-1311. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-6300.

ABSTRACT

Background: Accurate prediction of crop production is essential for efficient agricultural resource planning. Factors such as weather, soil moistureand temperature have a direct impact on crop yields, making precise forecasting vital.

Methods: This study presents a hybrid model that enhances crop production prediction by integrating a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network and an attention layer. The model is specifically applied to wheat and rice, major crops in India. The model evolves into a CNN-LSTM hybrid, designed to improve prediction accuracy by incorporating modifications, including multi-head attention and a multiplication skip connection.

Result: When compared with conventional methods like Support Vector Regressor, Decision Tree Regressor and Random Forest Regressor, the proposed hybrid model shows significantly better performance. It achieves a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.017, indicating low prediction error, a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.09 and a strong correlation between predicted and actual yields, with an R² of 0.967.

KEYWORDS
Attention layer, CNN-LSTM, Decision tree regressor, Deep learning, Random forest regressor, Skip connection support vector regressor

Crop Yield Prediction using Deep Learning Algorithm based on CNN-LSTM with Attention Layer and Skip Connection

21/08/2025

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 59 Issue 8 (August 2025)

Assessment of Organic, Inorganic, Integrated Nutrient Management and Subhash Palekar’s Natural Farming Practices in Fodder Oat and Sarson Mixture

Affiliations

Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Cite article:- Kumari Priyanka, Kumar Naveen (2025). Assessment of Organic, Inorganic, Integrated Nutrient Management and Subhash Palekar’s Natural Farming Practices in Fodder Oat and Sarson Mixture . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 59(8): 1298-1302. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-6226.

ABSTRACT

Background: Concern about environmental degradation and nutritional imbalance caused by continuous use of inorganic fertilizers have led to the need for studies comparing organic, inorganic and integrated nutrient management as well as Subhash Palekar’s natural farming in fodder crops through natural farming.

Methods: The present investigation was conducted at the CSK HPKV, Palampur Research Farm, during the Rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20. Ten nutrient management treatments and three replications were included in the randomized block design of the trial.

Result: Treatments comprised of recommended NPK through inorganic sources and integrated nutrient management (50 per cent recommended N + FYM + Jeevamrit) behaving alike resulted in better crop growth (plant height and shoot number), fodder yields (green and dry), nutrient uptake (N, P and K) and crude protein yield compared to organic (FYM @10 t/ha+Jeevamrit) and natural farming (Jeevamrit/Beejamrit + Jeevamrit) nutrient management treatments. Application of recommended NPK proved most profitable with highest net returns (₹ 1, 13,347 /ha) and net returns per rupee invested (2.95) followed by integrated nutrient management. The present work suggests that fodder oat + sarson mixture can be more productive and remunerative with the adoption of integrated nutrient management next to inorganic nutrient management.

KEYWORDS
Integrated nutrient management, Natural farming, Oat and sarson mixture, Organic farming

Assessment of Organic, Inorganic, Integrated Nutrient Management and Subhash Palekar’s Natural Farming Practices in Fodder Oat and Sarson Mixture

21/08/2025

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 59 Issue 8 (August 2025)

Yield Response of Maize Hybrids on Different Spacing Patterns under Irrigated Areas of Punjab

Affiliations

Department of Agronomy, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144 411, Punjab, India.

Cite article:- Wahengbam Bimolkishor, Gill Rubina, Menon Sandeep (2025). Yield Response of Maize Hybrids on Different Spacing Patterns under Irrigated Areas of Punjab . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 59(8): 1292-1297. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-6392.

ABSTRACT

Background: The present study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Farm, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab), during the kharif seasons of 2022 and 2023. It was titled as “Maize varieties yield response on different spacing patterns under irrigated areas of Punjab”. It was an experiment to assess the effect of three maize varieties namely AHC-233, P-1899 and NHM-589 and four spacing patterns S1: 60 cm x 25 cm, S2: 70 cm x 20 cm, S3: 70 cm x 30 cm and S4: 70 cm x 25 cm, on growth, yield, physiological parameters, quality attributes and economic feasibility.

Methods: The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design (SPD) with three replications.

Result: The experiment result shows that, the highest performance was found in P-1899 (V2), which was significantly greater than AHC-233 (V1) and NHM-589 (V3) in terms of number of cob/plant, cob length and number of rows/cob, number of grains/row, number of grains/cob and grain yield. Interaction between varieties and spacing patterns further revealed that the best results were obtained when V2 (P-1899) was combined with S2 (70 cm x 20 cm). The findings show that V2 (P-1899) with S2 (70 cm x 20 cm) is the most promising strategy for the maximum yield in irrigated conditions of Punjab.

KEYWORDS
Cob, Grain, Hybrid, Maize, Yield

Yield Response of Maize Hybrids on Different Spacing Patterns under Irrigated Areas of Punjab

21/08/2025

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 59 Issue 8 (August 2025)

Synergistic Effects of Green Manuring and Nitrogen Fertilization on Soil Fertility and Grain Quality of Basmati Rice

Affiliations

Department of Agronomy, School of Agriculture, Lovely professional University, Phagwara-144 411, Punjab, India.

Cite article:- Prema Lavanya, Chhabra Vandna (2025). Synergistic Effects of Green Manuring and Nitrogen Fertilization on Soil Fertility and Grain Quality of Basmati Rice . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 59(8): 1286-1291. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-6389.

ABSTRACT

Background: The integration of green manuring and nitrogen fertilization is a sustainable approach to enhance soil fertility and improve crop quality. Specifically, in crops like Basmati rice, these practices are known to influence critical parameters such as protein content and the availability of essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This study aims to evaluate the effects of various green manuring crops and nitrogen application levels on both soil nutrient status and grain quality of Basmati rice.

Methods: The experiment was conducted during the 2023 kharif season at the Agricultural Research Farm of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, using a split-plot design. Four main plots were used: M0 (Control, no green manuring), M1 (Sesbania aculeata), M2 (Crotalaria juncea) and M3 (Vigna unguiculata), along with four nitrogen levels as sub-plots: N1 (0 kg ha-1), N2 (15 kg ha-1), N3 (30 kg ha-1) and N4 (45 kg ha-1). Key parameters such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium availability in the soil, alongside protein, nitrogen content in the rice grains, were assessed to figure out the impact of these treatments.

Result: The application of green manures, particularly in Sesbania aculeata (M1), resulted in significant improvements in both the protein content of Basmati rice grains and the availability of essential nutrients in the soil. The treatments involving Vigna unguiculata (M3) and Crotalaria juncea (M2) also had positive effects, through to a lesser degree. Among the nitrogen levels, the highest protein content and nutrient availability were observed at 45 kg ha-1 nitrogen application followed by 30 kg ha-1 (N3), 15 kg ha-1 (N2), whereas the control treatment with 0 kg ha-1 (N1), with no nutrient input, exhibited the lowest values. These findings underline the critical role of integrating green manuring and nitrogen fertilization to enhance both soil fertility and basmati rice quality.

KEYWORDS
Basmati rice quality, Green manuring, Nitrogen fertilization soil nutrient status, Sustainability

Synergistic Effects of Green Manuring and Nitrogen Fertilization on Soil Fertility and Grain Quality of Basmati Rice

21/08/2025

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 59 Issue 8 (August 2025)

Assessing the Influence of Crop Diversification of Intercrops with Cotton on Growth and Yield Characteristics of Cotton

Affiliations

Department of Agronomy, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Nandyal-518 502, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Department of Entomology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Nandyal-518 502, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Nandyal-518 502, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Department of Pathology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Nandyal-518 502, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Cite article:- Kalyani Lakshmi D., Krishna Rama Siva M., Vardhan Vishnu Mohan K., Venkataramanamma K., Reddy Prakash Ravi B.V., Venkateswarlu N.C., Lavanya Y. (2025). Assessing the Influence of Crop Diversification of Intercrops with Cotton on Growth and Yield Characteristics of Cotton . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 59(8): 1280-1285. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-6199.

ABSTRACT

Background: Intercropping cotton with pulses and millets, forming a multi-tier system, has the potential to shift the cost-intensive cotton production system towards a more profitable and sustainable approach. The study aimed to explore suitable intercrop combinations for multitier cultivation in cotton under rainfed conditions.

Methods: The experiment involved seven multi.tier Bt cotton intercropping systems and two sole Bt cotton treatments with different spacing tried in a randomized block design with three replications during the kharif seasons of 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23.

Result: The study showed significant effects of various multi-tier cropping systems on cotton’s growth attributes, yield traits and yield. Seed cotton equivalent yield varied between 864 to 1401 kg/ha in different intercropping systems. In comparison, sole Bt cotton yielded 1103 kg/ha and the farmer’s practice resulted in 827 kg/ha.

KEYWORDS
Cotton, Growth, Intercrops, Yield attributes, Yield

Assessing the Influence of Crop Diversification of Intercrops with Cotton on Growth and Yield Characteristics of Cotton

21/08/2025

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 59 Issue 8 (August 2025)

Estimation of Nutrient Uptake and Available Nutrient Status of Rabi Safflower Through Soil Test Crop Response in Rainfed Ecosystem

Affiliations

Department of Agronomy, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola-444 104, Maharashtra, India.

All India Coordinated Research Project for Dry land Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola-444 104, Maharashtra, India.

Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144 411, Punjab, India.

Cite article:- Hiwale S.D., Chorey A.B., Patil S.S. (2025). Estimation of Nutrient Uptake and Available Nutrient Status of Rabi Safflower Through Soil Test Crop Response in Rainfed Ecosystem . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 59(8): 1274-1279. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-6161.

ABSTRACT

Background: Adoption of SSNM is directly affected by cost of fertilizer. Soil test crop response (STCR) concept attribute to contribution of soil and targeted yield level for fertilizer recommendation for a selected crop. This approach is also known as prescription based fertilizer recommendations. It is specific type of soil, climatic condition and specific location. Nutrient requirement is differ for different crops. The available soil nutrients efficient used and added to those available soil nutrients through fertilizers is different for different type of soil geography under a particular set of climatic conditions.

Methods: A research experiment was carried out during rabi 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20 at Research Farm of Agronomy, Dr. P.D.K.V, Akola (Maharashtra). Fertilizers were applied based on uptake pattern of crop, target yield levels and soil test values. The experiment was laid out in FRBD-Factorial randomized block design with two factors. Total 15 treatment combinations were formed which replication 4 times.

Result: Significantly greater uptake of nitrogen (62.76, 74.67 and 81.89 kg ha-1), phosphorus (19.15, 24.32 and 29.38 kg ha-1), potassium (80.32, 92.14 and 99.18 kg ha-1), sulphur (18.46, 24.10 and 26.03 kg ha-1) and zinc (493.97, 571.01 and 620.91 g ha-1) recorded in treatment where crop supplied with farm yard manure @ 5 t ha-1 than rest of treatments during 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. A similar trend was observed in respect of soil nutrient status such as available N, P2O5, K2O, S and Zn. Application of fertilizers through soil test crop response equation with zinc sulphate @ 25 kg ha-1 and Sulphur @ 10 kg ha-1 registered maximum total uptake of nitrogen (66.89, 78.99 and 90.06 kg ha-1), phosphorus (20.78, 25.31 and 31.96 kg ha-1), potassium (86.05, 97.99 and 109.09 kg ha-1), sulphur (20.27, 26.39 and 29.80 kg ha-1) and zinc (537.78, 618.06 and 696.21 g ha-1) than rest of nutrient management treatments during three years of field experiment, respectively. The same trend was observed with respect to available N, P2O5, K2O, S and Zn under respective treatment during three years of experimentation.

KEYWORDS
Climate action, Food, Life on land, Nutrient uptake, Organic manures, Rabi safflower, Rainfed, Responsible consumption and production, SSNM, Stcr, Zero hunger

Estimation of Nutrient Uptake and Available Nutrient Status of Rabi Safflower Through Soil Test Crop Response in Rainfed Ecosystem

21/08/2025

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 59 Issue 8 (August 2025)

Exploring Polybag Size, Nursery Mixtures and Rootstocks for Optimizing Lasoda (Cordia myxa L.) Nursery Techniques

Affiliations

ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur-342 003, Rajasthan, India.

Cite article:- Meghwal P.R., Sourabh, Singh Dalpat (2025). Exploring Polybag Size, Nursery Mixtures and Rootstocks for Optimizing Lasoda (Cordia myxa L.) Nursery Techniques . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 59(8): 1267-1273. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-6211.

ABSTRACT

Background: Lasoda (Cordia myxa L.) is lesser utilized fruit plant species suitable for growing in large parts of arid and semi-arid regions of India. Besides the economic importance of its fruits in the vegetable and pickle industry, this species is also known for ethnomedicinal properties in different plant parts. In order to utilize it to its fullest potential, standardization of nursery technology for mass multiplication by vegetative propagation method is a necessary step. With the above background in the view, an experiment was conducted to see the effect of polybag size, nursery mixture and rootstock on seed germination, growth of seedlings after germination, budding success and growth of budded plants.

Methods: The study was conducted during June-September, 2020. The treatment comprised of two polybag sizes, six nursery media compositions and two kinds of rootstocks. The observations were recorded on seed germination, seedling growth, days to bud sprout after budding, budding success and shoot length and diameter after 30 days of budding.

Result: The main effects of nursery mixture revealed that plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot length and shoot diameter after budding were significantly affected by nursery mixture composition. The highest plant height (29.53 cm) recorded in the M4 mixture was significantly higher over M1, M2 and M3 but the differences were non-significant when compared with M5 and M6. A similar trend was also recorded in the case of stem diameter and number of leaves which showed significantly higher values in M4, M5 and M6 as compared to M1, M2 and M3. The highest shoot length (8.34 cm) and shoot diameter (3.40 mm) were recorded in M5 and M4 which were significantly higher than most of other media levels.

KEYWORDS
Budding, Lasoda, Nursery mixture, Nursery techniques, Polybag size, Rootstocks, Vegetative propagation

Exploring Polybag Size, Nursery Mixtures and Rootstocks for Optimizing Lasoda (Cordia myxa L.) Nursery Techniques

21/08/2025

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 59 Issue 8 (August 2025)

Response of Soil Biological Functions to Different Row Ratios and Bio Stimulants in a Wheat Chickpea Intercropping System

Affiliations

Department of Agronomy, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144 411, Punjab, India.

Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144 411, Punjab, India.

Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Takyelpat, Imphal-795 001, Manipur, India.

Cite article:- Devi Sobhana Heisnam, Bokado Kangujam, Jackson Khaidem, Vimi Kshetrimayum, Chanu Devika Khaidem, Singh Barkha, Sonia (2025). Response of Soil Biological Functions to Different Row Ratios and Bio Stimulants in a Wheat Chickpea Intercropping System . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 59(8): 1260-1266. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-6390.

ABSTRACT

Background: Soil is a crucial natural resource and its health has been deteriorating at an increased pace. The application of biostimulants in different cropping systems could improve soil health by increasing the soil buffering capacity while also encouraging the proliferation of beneficial soil microbes. The soil microbial activity provides an indicative response to plant growth and yield while promoting soil health.

Methods: The experiment was performed in a spilt plot design with 3 replications and 16 treatment combinations. The main plots consist of M1: sole wheat, M2: sole chickpea, M3: wheat: chickpea (2:1), M4: wheat: chickpea (4:1) and subplot treatments includes S0: control, S1: Seaw**d extract, S2: Humic and fulvic acid and S3: Amino acids.

Result: The main plot treatments received a boost in the microbial activities through foliar application of biostimulants with sole chickpea (M2) receiving a remarkable increase in SMBC (245.72, 269.09, 263.61 µg g-1), DHA (12.71, 24.00, 19.46 µg TPF g-1 soil day-1) and UEA (1.30, 4.64, 4.05 µg urea N g-1 soil min-1) respectively at 45 DAS, 90 DAS and at harvest. Also, the seaw**d extract treatment (S1) enumerated the highest SMBC (252.22, 276.27, 269.26), DHA (15.13, 25.97, 20.82) and UEA (1.32, 4.58, 4.24) respectively at 45 DAS, 90 DAS and at harvest. The other biostimulant treatments S2 (humic and fulvic acid) and S3 (amino acids) also performed well in comparison to the control. This study realises the importance of biostimulants for enhancing soil biological properties for better soil health.

KEYWORDS
Biostimulants, Dehydrogenase enzyme activity, Intercropping, Seaw**d extract, Soil microbial biomass carbon, Urease enzyme activity

Response of Soil Biological Functions to Different Row Ratios and Bio Stimulants in a Wheat Chickpea Intercropping System

21/08/2025

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 59 Issue 8 (August 2025)

Performance of Phytohormones under Distinct Levels of Drip Irrigation on Growth and Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Affiliations

School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144 411, Jalandhar, Punjab, India.

Department of Agronomy, College of Agricultural Sciences, Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga-577 412, Iruvakki, Karnataka, India.

Cite article:- Banik Biswajyoti, Korav Santosh, Sujatha H.T., Changade Nitin, Bisarya Dipti (2025). Performance of Phytohormones under Distinct Levels of Drip Irrigation on Growth and Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 59(8): 1253-1259. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-6225.

ABSTRACT

Background: Agronomic practices such as the precise water application with drip irrigation and strategic use of phytohormones are crucial for optimizing wheat growth and productivity. This study assesses the performance of different phytohormones under distinct levels of drip irrigation on wheat.

Methods: The research trail was conducted during rabi 2022-23, to evaluate the performance of distinct phytohormones (ABA, SA and GA) under varying levels of drip irrigation regimes on wheat (Triticum asetivum L.). The three drip irrigation levels were taken in main plots (1.0 ETc, 0.8 ETc, and 0.6 ETc) and three distinct phytohormone (ABA, SA, and GA) and water spray were taken as a subplot with three replications under split plot design.

Result: The experimental results revealed that, drip irrigation at 1.0 ETc recorded significantly highest growth attributes i.e. plant height (83.32 cm), number of tillers (343.8 no.) and dry matter accumulation (688.4 g m-2) which was 8, 18, 5.6 % higher over drip irrigation level at 0.6 ETc and also foliar spray of salicylic acid recorded the highest plant height (84.77 cm), number of tillers (334.2 no.), dry matter accumulation (691.3 g m-2) compared to foliar spray of water (control). ETc 1.0 with SA spray enhanced the Chlorophyl index by 1.21% and 14.8% over ETc 0.8 and 0.6, respectively. Drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc with SA increased grain yield by 8.1% and straw yield by 5.6% over drip irrigation at 0.6 ETc which were at par with drip irrigation at 1 ETc. Hence, application of 80% irrigation through drip with 150 ppm of salicylic acid foliar spray can be recommended to farmers.

KEYWORDS
Abscisic acid, Crop evapotranspirationDry matter accumulation, Gibberellic acid, Salicylic acid

Performance of Phytohormones under Distinct Levels of Drip Irrigation on Growth and Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

21/08/2025

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 59 Issue 8 (August 2025)

Efficacy of Pre and Post Emergence Herbicides against Complex W**d Flora, Yield and Economics of Blackgram under High Hills Wet Temperate Zone of Himachal Pradesh

Affiliations

Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, India.

CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Mountain Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Salooni (Chamba)-176 320, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Department of Agronomy, CSK HP Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Cite article:- Kaur Puneet, Guleria Niraj, Hetta Gaytri, Meenakshi (2025). Efficacy of Pre and Post Emergence Herbicides against Complex W**d Flora, Yield and Economics of Blackgram under High Hills Wet Temperate Zone of Himachal Pradesh . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 59(8): 1246-1252. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-6215.

ABSTRACT

Background: Implementing integrated strategies for w**d management is essential in maximizing blackgram yield. Unchecked w**d proliferation leads to substantial decrease in crop productivity.

Methods: The current field experiment was conducted at Salooni, Himachal Pradesh, to evaluate the efficacy of different integrated w**d management practices during Kharif 2022 and 2023. Eleven treatments targeting w**d control were evaluated both at pre and post - emergence stages.

Result: The predominant w**ds were Echinochloa colona, Galinsoga parviflora, Cyperus species and other broad leaf w**ds were Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens, Trianthema species, Ageratum conyzoides. Data on w**d dynamics revealed that; after w**d-free treatment, the application of Imazethapyr 75 g/ha as PE fb HW at 30 DAS; Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha as PE fb HW at 30 DAS and Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha + imazethapyr 75 g/ha (PE) recorded a significantly lower total w**d count as compared to other treatments. Parameters related to blackgram growth and yield, including plant height, number of branches per plant, pods per plant, grain yield and haulm yield were significantly higher with w**d-free treatment followed by application of imazethapyr 75 g/ha as PE fb HW at 30 DAS, remaining at par with application of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha + imazethapyr 75 g/ha (PE) and pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha as PE fb HW at 30 DAS. The most economically efficient w**d control method was the combination of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha + imazethapyr 75 g/ha (PE), as it resulted in the highest net returns and marginal benefit-cost ratio.

KEYWORDS
Blackgram, Echinochloa colona, Economics, Imazethapyr, Integrated w**d management, Pendimethalin

Efficacy of Pre and Post Emergence Herbicides against Complex W**d Flora, Yield and Economics of Blackgram under High Hills Wet Temperate Zone of Himachal Pradesh