08/01/2026
The New Orleans tragedy of 1891 is one of the most horrific and least remembered episodes in the history of Italian immigration to the United States. Eleven Italian immigrants, most of them Sicilians, were killed by an enraged mob despite never having been legally convicted of any serious crime.
In the final decades of the 19th century, tens of thousands of Italian immigrantsāmany from Sicily and southern Italyāarrived in New Orleans to work in ports, plantations, railroads, or to start small businesses. This community grew rapidly but was often the target of prejudice, xenophobia, and hostility from many American citizens, who viewed Italians as culturally and racially ādifferentā and frequently suspected them of criminal activity, especially alleged ties to the Mafia or the Black Hand.
š« The Murder of David Hennessy
On October 15, 1890, David Hennessy, the chief of police of New Orleans, was assassinated while returning home. As he lay dying, some reportsālikely unreliableāclaimed that he said: āThe d***s got me,ā a racial slur directed at Italians.
This phrase, widely reported by the press, immediately fueled anti-Italian sentiment and led to a wave of repression against Italians in New Orleans.
Police arrested hundreds of Italians, and 19 men were formally charged in connection with Hennessyās murder.
The trial lasted several months and was marked by weak evidence and contradictory testimony.
The judge and jury concluded that there was insufficient proof: six men were acquitted, three trials ended in mistrials, and no one was definitively convicted.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
On March 14, 1891, the day after the verdict, a large crowd of New Orleans citizensāestimated by various sources to number between 3,000 and 20,000 peopleāstormed the Orleans Parish Prison. Acting without any legal authority, the mob:
forced prisoners out of their cells,
hunted down and killed 11 men,
some were shot,
others were hanged from a lamppost or a nearby tree.
Among the victims were men who had been acquitted, those whose trials had ended inconclusively, and others who had not yet been tried. None had been legally found guilty of Hennessyās murder.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Major American newspapers of the time often justified the lynching, portraying Sicilians as criminals or mafiosi.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Official justice never prosecuted any of the participants in the massacre. A grand jury declared itself unable to identify the killers, and no one was ever indicted.
The massacre triggered a diplomatic crisis between the United States and the Kingdom of Italy. Italy temporarily withdrew its ambassador, and relations between the two countries came close to breaking down.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Eventually, the administration of President Benjamin Harrison paid approximately $25,000 in compensation to the victimsā families and proclaimed a national celebration that would later evolve into Columbus Day, in part to restore Italian-American pride.
The New Orleans massacre is considered one of the largest mass lynchings in U.S. history, symbolizing how racial prejudice, xenophobia, and distrust of immigrants often prevailed over formal justice.
In recent years, during the 21st century, the City of New Orleans has publicly expressed regret and issued official apologies for this historical episode, acknowledging the injustice suffered by Italian immigrants.