01/04/2024
CERVICAL CANCER
Definition
✓This is the abnormal growth and multiplication of Cells of the cervix due to infection with the Human Papilloma virus strain 16 and 18 and is characterized by intra and post Co**al bleeding.
CAUSES OF CERVICAL CANCER
√The Human Papilloma virus (HPV) infection with the strains 16 and 18.
RISK FACTORS
1.IMMUNOSUPPRESSION.
√This is because of a weak Immunity that's unable to fight infections.
2.EARLY ENDULGING IN S*X.
√This predisposes due to the prolonged exposure to the Human Papilloma virus.
3 .LACK OF ABSTINENCE.
√This predisposes a woman to the PHV because of the contact between the pennis and va**na.
4.LACK OF CONDOM USE.
√Condom use offers some partial protection against the Human Papilloma virus,Lack of condom use exposes to the Human Papilloma virus.
5.CIGARETTE SMOKING.
√This is because there is cut off of blood supply to the cervix due to vasoconstriction leading to ischemia and necrosis of the Cervical cells.
6.MULTIPLE S*XUAL PARTNERS.
√This offers over exposure to the Human Papilloma virus.
7.PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO RADIATION.
√Rays have Tearing effects on the body cells,Prolonged exposure tears and damages the cells.
FUNCTIONS OF THE CERVIX
1.Its a Birth Canal through which the Baby passes during delivery.
2.It Acts as a MicroFlora Barrier.
3.It allows for Flow of Menstrual Blood from the uterus to the va**na
4.It Directs sperms into the Uterus from the va**na during sexual in*******se.
STAGING OF CERVICAL CANCER
STAGE O
√Cancer is in situ.
√This is pre invasive stage.
STAGE 1
√Cancer is confined to the cervix.
√Cancer Is only diagnosed by microscope
STAGE 2
√Canver spread from cervix to the uterus.
√The pelvic walls are not yet affected.
√The upper two third (2/3) of the va**na is affected.
STAGE 3
√Cancer has no affects the Pelvic walls.
√On re**al examination,Cancer is felt.
√One third (1/3) of lower va**na is affected
STAGE 4
√Canver has extended outside the true pelvis
√The Mucosa of Bladder and re**um are affected.
√The distant organs are affect.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
1.There is Post Co**al bleeding.
2 There is Offensive Per va**nal discharge.
3.There is a Mass felt on the cervix on Examination.
4.Pain occurs but in later stages of cancer.
5.There is Ureamia due to bladder and re**al involvement when cancer spread.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMOURS
BENIGN TUMOURS
√They are non cancerous
√They are not life threatening.
√They do not spread.
√They are well capsulated.
√They are treated with surgery.
√They do not recur after surgery.
MALIGNANT TUMOURS
√They are Cancerous.
√They are life threatening.
√They are encapsulated.
√They spread.
√May not be treated with surgery.
√They recur after treatment with surgery.
MODES OF CANCER SPREAD
1.LOCAL SPREAD**
√This is when cancer only affects the the tissues or organs attached or connected to the tissue containing cancerous cells.
2.LYMPHATIC SPREAD***
√Cancer also spread through the lymphatic vessels and affect or infect surrounding tissue.
3.HAEMATOGENOUS SPREAD**
√This is when cancer is spreading through blood to infect other cells and tissues.
4.CONTACT SPREAD****
√This is when cancer affects every organ that comes into contact with it as it spreads.
MANAGEMENT
INVESTIGATION.
1.HISTORY TALKING.
√This reveals some risk factors and symptoms.
2.PHYSICAL EXAM.
√The Cervical mass is felt on Examination.
3.TISSUE BIOPSY.
√This confirms the Diagnosis usually.
4.CYSTOSCOPY.
√This shows Bladder involvement.
5.COMPLETE BLOOF COUNT.
√This so done to know patients blood group,The Haemoglobin count in preparation for surgery.
TREATMENT
1.RADIOTHERAPY.
√This involves using Days to damage the cancerous cells.
2.CRYOHERAPY.
√This is Involves therapy if freezing the cancerous Thus preventikg further spread
3.CHEMOTHERAPY.
√Thid involves use of drugs. E.g Cytotoxic drugs
4.PELVIC EXENTERATION.
√This involves removing the Bladder and re**um.
√Done when Radiation Fails.
5.LASER THERAPY.
√This Is the form of Therapy were you burn the cancerous cells.
6.SURGERY.
√This will now Call for Hysterectomy.
√Usually done when all conservative measures fail.
PREVENTION
1. Avoid Vaginal Douching.
2. Improving on Condom use during Sexual in*******se.
3. Abstinece.
4. Sticking to one sexual Partner
5. Reduce on Excessive smoking.
6. Diet Improvement.
7. Encouraging Male Circumcision.
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