27/06/2025
Civilizations That Changed Their Names
1. Mesopotamia to Iraq
Historical Background:
Mesopotamia, often referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization," is located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. The area was home to some of the earliest human civilizations, including the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian. The region is known for its development of writing, urbanization (early cities), and complex societies. Over time, the region became part of various polities, including the Persian Empire and later the Islamic Caliphate. The name "Iraq" began to be used in the 6th century during the Sassanian Empire, and became the official name of the modern country after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century.
2. Indus Valley to Pakistan
Historical Background:
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the world's earliest urban cultures, flourishing around 2600–1900 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwestern India. Known for its advanced cities such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, this civilization developed early writing systems, architecture, and social organization. After its collapse, the region was ruled by various kingdoms and empires, including the Mauryan and Gupta empires, and then by the Islamic Caliphate. In 1947, after the British left India, the region became an independent country called Pakistan, reflecting the nation’s Islamic identity.
3. The Roman Empire Becomes Italy
Historical Background:
The Roman Empire, which reached its peak in 117 AD, encompassed much of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The city of Rome was the center of this power, leaving behind a vast legacy of law, government, architecture, and language. After the Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476 AD, the region was divided into many small kingdoms. The modern country of Italy was reunited in the 19th century, but its Roman heritage remains an important part of its culture and national identity.
4. Persia becomes Iran
Historical Background:
Persia, known for its long history of Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sassanian rule, was one of the most important ancient civilizations, making major contributions to the arts, sciences, and government. The name "Persia" was used by Westerners for centuries, derived from the region "Pars." However, the original name used by its people was "Iran," meaning "Land of the Aryans." In 1935, Reza Shah asked the international community to use the name "Iran," to match the local name that had been used for thousands of years.
