12/10/2025
The Legacy of African American Farmers
The story of African American farmers is one of perseverance, pride, and a deep connection to the land — a legacy often buried beneath the weight of history, yet vital to understanding America’s agricultural and social fabric.
Roots in Enslavement and Skill
During slavery, millions of Africans brought to America carried not only their strength but also centuries-old agricultural knowledge. They were skilled in rice cultivation, irrigation, livestock care, and soil management — knowledge that transformed Southern agriculture and built the foundation of the U.S. economy.
Enslaved Africans cultivated crops like rice, cotton, to***co, and sugar, often using sophisticated farming methods from West Africa. Despite having no ownership or recognition, their expertise laid the groundwork for the nation’s agricultural success.
Freedom and Land Ownership
After emancipation in 1865, many freedmen saw land ownership as the key to independence and dignity. Land meant freedom — the ability to feed one’s family, build wealth, and live without dependence on former slaveholders.
Through determination, African Americans established farms and entire communities. By 1910, Black farmers owned over 15 million acres of land — about 14% of all U.S. farmers. These farms supported schools, churches, and businesses, forming the backbone of self-sufficient Black communities.
Examples include:
Mound Bayou, Mississippi – Founded in 1887 by formerly enslaved people, it became a thriving all-Black town centered on farming.
Nicodemus, Kansas – Established by freedmen after the Civil War, it symbolized the promise of Black independence in the West.
Struggles and Land Loss
Despite these successes, the progress of African American farmers was under constant attack. Systemic racism, discriminatory lending, and violent intimidation undermined Black ownership.
Government programs often denied loans or assistance to Black farmers. Legal loopholes and “heir property” laws made it easy for land to be taken away. From 1910 to today, over 90% of Black-owned farmland has been lost — a decline unmatched by any other group in U.S. history.
Organizations like the Pigford v. Glickman lawsuit in 1999 exposed decades of discrimination by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), leading to one of the largest civil rights settlements in history — but the damage had already been deep.
Modern Resurgence and Food Justice
Today, a new generation of African American farmers is rebuilding that legacy. Across the country, young Black farmers are reclaiming land, using sustainable and regenerative methods, and fighting for food sovereignty.
Notable examples include:
Leah Penniman of Soul Fire Farm in New York, promoting food justice and land access for Black and Brown communities.
The Freedom Farm Cooperative, inspired by civil rights leader Fannie Lou Hamer, which connected farming with social empowerment.
Urban gardens in cities like Detroit, Atlanta, and New Orleans that not only grow food but also heal communities and preserve culture.
These farmers are redefining agriculture — turning it from a painful past into a tool for healing, empowerment, and environmental sustainability.
A Legacy of Resilience
The legacy of African American farmers is not just about crops — it’s about freedom, justice, and connection to the land. From the rice fields of South Carolina to the community farms of today, their story is one of unbroken resilience.
They remind us that farming is not just labor — its resistance, renewal, and the reclaiming of identity. The soil holds the memory of those who worked it, and their spirit continues to grow with every new seed planted.