SamSal Ideas

19/09/2025

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19/09/2025

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18/09/2025

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18/09/2025

A Virtual Local Area Network(VLAN) is a logical way of segmenting a physical network into multiple isolated virtual networks, even if devices are physically connected to the same network hardware. VLANs make it possible for administrators to group devices by role or department, rather than by physical location, improves security by containing traffic within each virtual segment and enhancing network efficiency by reducing broadcast domains.

VLAN Identity is a unique numerical identifier from 1 to 4094 that differentiates a VLAN within a network.

How does VLANs work?

Logical grouping: VLANs are set up at the network switch level to create logical network segments.

Broadcast domains: Each VLAN operates as its own separate broadcast domain, meaning broadcasts from devices in one VLAN will not reach devices in another.

Traffic isolation: Devices within a VLAN can communicate with each other, but devices in different VLANs cannot communicate directly without passing through a router.

Tagging: Network traffic is "tagged" to identify which VLAN it belongs to, allowing switches and routers to correctly route it.

Merits of VLANs

Improved Security: Isolation of traffic into separate segments prevent unauthorized access and limit the impact of security breaches to a single VLAN.

Increased Performance: Reduced size of broadcast domains, which can conserve bandwidth and improve network performance by decreasing unnecessary traffic.

Greater Flexibility: Allows for logical network design that is independent of physical network infrastructure, making it easier to scale and manage large, complex networks.

Saves cost: A single physical network can be divided into multiple virtual networks, reducing the need for separate physical hardware for each department or function.

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18/09/2025

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17/09/2025

Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) is like a virtual tunnel inside a physical network. Instead of connecting devices based on where they are physically plugged in, VLANs allows you to group users logically e.g, by department, function, or even project. This makes network management smarter and more flexible.

Why VLANs? VLANs break a large network into smaller, more organized parts. This not only reduces unnecessary broadcast traffic but also makes it easier to group and manage users based on specific needs.

VLANs are of different types.

Default VLAN is what every switch port belongs to by default.

Data VLAN is where normal user traffic flows.

Voice VLAN is fine-tuned for handling voice traffic like VoIP.

Native VLAN is used for untagged traffic on a trunk port.

When used properly, VLANs offer two strong benefits: better security by isolating sensitive groups and improved performance through reduced congestion.

VLANs however, are not without drawbacks. They require careful configuration and planning, and for VLANs to communicate you need a Layer 3 device such as a router or Layer 3 switch. Additionally, in very large networks, VLANs can become difficult to manage.


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15/09/2025

11/09/2025

All devices need an IP Address to connect to the internet just like every house needs a street number. The types are:

Local / Private IP
Automatically given by your router. Phone, PC, laptop—each gets a unique number inside the local network. These aren’t visible to the outside world.

Public IP
Assigned by your ISP. This is the address your internet connection uses to talk to the outside world.

Static IP
An address that never changes. Mostly used for servers or important systems.

Dynamic IP
An address that changes from time to time. ISPs usually assign this to regular users.

The two categories of IP address in use are:

IPv4
The old system, looks like 192 .168 .5 .18. and is limited to only 4. 3 billion addresses.

IPv6
The new system, looks like 5062:6400:...:10a9. It is almost unlimited every device in the world can have its own unique address.

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06/09/2025

A Media Access Control(MAC) address is a digital name tag for your device on a network. Below is an example of a MAC address:

01:32:54:76:85:AB

Here’s what it means:

❌ First part (01:32:54) → Who made the device (the manufacturer).

❌ Second part (76:85:AB) → Which device it is (unique for each device).

Think of it like this:

First 3 pairs = Manufacturer badge.

Last 3 pairs = Device’s own serial number.

Every MAC address is manufacturer + unique device ID.

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04/09/2025

Hackers and their Types🕳️

The word hacker is often misunderstood to mean cybercriminals. But in reality, the word is diverse and it ranges from ethical defenders to malicious attackers, and even government specialists. Below is a brief explanation on them:

Black Hat – Criminal Hackers that operate illegally, exploiting systems for money, data theft, and cybercrime. They are the “bad guys” of the digital world.

White Hat – Authorized Hackers also known as ethical hackers, use their skills legally to protect organizations, find vulnerabilities, and strengthen defenses.

Gray Hat – These guys Hackers are neither good nor bad. They live in the gray area—sometimes breaking rules, not always for profit, but still unauthorized. They expose flaws, sometimes ethically, sometimes not.

Green Hat – Hackers-in-Training, they are newcomers eager to learn. They’re the students of hacking, experimenting with tools and techniques while growing their skills.

Blue Hat – Authorized Software Hackers often hired by companies before product launches. Their role is to stress-test applications, identify weaknesses, and patch them before they are released.

Red Hat – Government-Hired Hackers also called cyber warriors, they work for governments to fight cyberterrorism, defend against foreign attacks, and conduct offensive cyber Operations for the government.