11/08/2026
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There are certain names that deserve to be more than a passing mention in a textbook. Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X, Harriet Tubman, Patrice Lumumba, Thomas Sankara, Nat Turner, Fred Hampton and the others on this list lived in different countries, different centuries and very different circumstances, but each became part of a much larger history of Black political thought, resistance, liberation and self-determination.
Marcus Garvey built one of the largest Black-led mass movements of the early twentieth century and promoted economic independence and Pan-African unity. Decades later, Malcolm X would speak forcefully about Black dignity, political power and human rights. Their ideas were not identical, but both pushed generations of Black people to think beyond simply gaining acceptance within existing systems and to consider questions of power, ownership and self-definition.
Some of these histories stretch much further back. Nat Turner led an 1831 rebellion against slavery in Virginia, while Harriet Tubman escaped slavery and repeatedly returned south to help others reach freedom. Toussaint Louverture emerged from slavery to become one of the most important leaders of the Haitian Revolution, a struggle that ultimately produced the first independent Black republic in the modern Atlantic world.
The list also reminds us that Black history has never been limited to the United States. Patrice Lumumba became the first prime minister of an independent Congo in 1960 and remains a major symbol of African independence and anti-colonialism. Thomas Sankara, who became president of Burkina Faso in 1983, pursued ambitious programs involving education, public health, women’s rights, environmental protection and national self-reliance before his assassination in 1987.
Then there are figures such as Huey P. Newton and Fred Hampton, whose work with the Black Panther Party connected demands for racial justice with housing, food, healthcare, policing and economic inequality. Assata Shakur became one of the most controversial figures associated with the Black liberation struggles of the 1970s, while psychiatrist Frances Cress Welsing developed influential, and heavily debated, theories about racism and white supremacy. These people should not be taught as if they all believed the same things, because they did not. Understanding their disagreements and controversies is part of understanding the history.
Teaching young people about these figures does not mean turning them into flawless heroes. It means giving the next generation enough history to ask better questions. What were these people fighting against? What did they believe freedom should look like? Where did their ideas succeed, where did they fail, and why are some of their names remembered far more widely than others? That is where studying history becomes much more interesting than simply memorizing names and dates.
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