18/09/2025
What is samsara, and the truth of suffering?
"In terms of their nature, true sufferings (duḥkha) are the polluted aggregates that are principally caused by afflictions and polluted karma. More broadly, true duḥkha consists of polluted bodies, minds, environments, and the things we use and enjoy.
In Compendium of Knowledge Asaṅga says, “If one asks what is true duḥkha, it is to be understood both in terms of the sentient beings who are born as well as the habitats in which they are born.”
The body and mind are internal true duḥkha because they are in the continuum of a person; the environment and the things around us are external true duḥkha, which are not part of a person’s continuum.
All true origins are also true duḥkha, although not all true duḥkha is true origins. All afflictions are unsatisfactory, but our bodies and our habitats, which are unsatisfactory, are not causes of saṃsāra.
What propels this process of uncontrollably and repeatedly taking the psychophysical aggregates of a being of one of the three realms? It is the true origins of duḥkha — afflictions and polluted karma (actions).
The chief affliction that is the root of saṃsāra is the ignorance grasping inherent existence — a mental factor that apprehends phenomena as existing in the opposite way than they actually exist. Whereas all phenomena exist dependently, ignorance apprehends them as existing independently.
The Tibetan term for ignorance — ma rig pa — means not knowing. Even its name implies something undesirable that disturbs the mind and interferes with happiness and fulfillment.
Since the cause of cyclic existence is inauspicious, its effect — our bodies, habitats, and experiences in cyclic existence — will not bring stable joy.
Ignorance narrows the mind, obscuring it from seeing the multifarious factors involved in existence.
From ignorance stems various distorted conceptualizations that foster the arising of all other afflictions — especially the “three poisons” of confusion, attachment, and animosity. Afflictions in turn create karma that propels saṃsāric rebirth. In the context of the four truths, the Buddha identified craving as the principal example of the origin of duḥkha to highlight its prominent role."
From the book Samsara, Nirvana and Buddha Nature by the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet and Bikshuni Thubten Chodron.
Links to sources in comments.