21/08/2025
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The Marzano and Kendall (2007) New Taxonomy is a hierarchical model for classifying educational objectives, organized into six levels of increasing complexity.
At the top, Self-System Thinking involves examining importance, efficacy, emotional response, and motivation, determining whether learners will engage with a task.
Metacognition follows, focusing on setting goals, monitoring progress, and evaluating clarity and accuracy of understanding.
The Cognitive System comprises four progressive levels: Knowledge Utilization (investigating, experimenting, problem-solving, decision-making), Analysis (specifying, generalizing, analyzing errors, classifying, matching), Comprehension (symbolizing, integrating), and Retrieval (executing, recalling, recognizing).
Each level is supported by useful verbs, phrases, and definitions that guide instructional design and assessment. The model integrates both cognitive and affective aspects of learning, emphasizing not only what learners know but also their motivation and self-regulation in applying that knowledge.