Journal of Environmental & Agricultural Sciences - JEAS

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Journal of Environmental and Agricultural Sciences (JEAS) is a multidisciplinary, English language, peer-reviewed journal. JAES is an open access online journal which aims to publish all the latest and outstanding research articles, reviews, letters, technical reports, research methodologies, database articles, software article, short communications, book reviews and news letter in all areas and aspects of Agriculture, Biology, Animal, Food, Environmental and Plant Sciences
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HIPVs as Inductors of Resistance Against Biotic and Abiotic StressesTest your knowledgeCrop and Environment https://jeas...
25/08/2026

HIPVs as Inductors of Resistance Against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Test your knowledge
Crop and Environment
https://jeas.agropublishers.com/2026/02/crop-and-environment-mcqs/
Climate Change:
https://agropublishers.com/2026/03/23/climate-change-mcqs-200-questions-answers/
Entomology: https://jeas.agropublishers.com/2024/03/entomology-mcqs/

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) represent a sophisticated chemical signaling system through which plants actively modulate their defense responses. The figure illustrates a conceptual framework where HIPVs—delivered via microencapsulated formulations—enhance plant resilience against a spectrum of stresses, including biotic agents (pathogens, herbivores, viruses, nematodes) and abiotic constraints (drought, cold, salinity).

Mechanistic Basis of HIPV-Induced Resistance
HIPVs are low-molecular-weight volatile organic compounds released upon herbivore attack. These compounds function as both intra- and inter-plant signals, priming defense pathways. Upon perception, plants activate key signaling networks such as jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene pathways. This “primed state” enables faster and stronger responses upon subsequent stress exposure, a phenomenon termed defense priming.

Role in Biotic Stress Mitigation

HIPVs enhance resistance through multiple routes:
Direct defense activation: Upregulation of defense-related genes (e.g., protease inhibitors, pathogenesis-related proteins).
Indirect defense: Attraction of natural enemies of herbivores (parasitoids and predators).
Systemic signaling: Transmission of resistance signals to distal plant tissues and neighboring plants.

HIPVs can counter diverse attackers—herbivores, microbial pathogens, viruses, and soil-borne nematodes—indicating their broad-spectrum defensive role.

Role in Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Beyond biotic interactions, HIPVs also modulate tolerance to environmental stresses:
Drought: Improved stomatal regulation and osmotic adjustment.
Cold stress: Stabilization of membranes and induction of cold-responsive genes.
Salinity: Enhanced ion homeostasis and antioxidant activity.

This dual functionality positions HIPVs as integrative regulators bridging stress physiology and ecological signaling.

Microcapsule-Based Delivery Systems

The figure introduces an applied innovation—microcapsulated HIPVs. These formulations enable:

Controlled release of volatiles in the rhizosphere or canopy
Protection of volatile compounds from rapid degradation
Targeted and sustained signaling under field conditions

Such delivery systems mimic natural plant emissions while overcoming limitations of volatility and environmental instability.

Agricultural Implications
HIPV-based technologies offer a promising avenue for sustainable agriculture:
Reduction in pesticide dependence
Enhancement of crop resilience under climate variability
Compatibility with integrated pest and stress management strategies

The depicted system integrates ecological chemistry with agronomic application: HIPVs act as external “signals” that pre-condition plants, enabling them to anticipate and withstand multiple stresses. This represents a shift from reactive to proactive plant protection strategies, aligning with next-generation climate-smart agriculture.

Test your knowledge
Crop and Environment
https://jeas.agropublishers.com/2026/02/crop-and-environment-mcqs/
Climate Change:
https://agropublishers.com/2026/03/23/climate-change-mcqs-200-questions-answers/
Entomology: https://jeas.agropublishers.com/2024/03/entomology-mcqs/

MECANISMOS DE FITOREMEDIACIÓNCómo las plantas eliminan y transforman los contaminantes ambientalesPrueba tus conocimient...
25/08/2026

MECANISMOS DE FITOREMEDIACIÓN
Cómo las plantas eliminan y transforman los contaminantes ambientales

Prueba tus conocimientos sobre Ciencias Ambientales:
https://jeas.agropublishers.com/2024/03/environmental-science-mcqs/
Prueba tus conocimientos sobre Ciencias del Suelo: https://agropublishers.com/2024/10/05/mcqs-soil-science/

Fittorremediación: aprovechamiento de plantas para la limpieza ambiental: la contaminación ambiental causada por actividades industriales, el uso excesivo de agroquímico, la minería y la urbanización ha dado como resultado una contaminación generalizada de suelos y recursos hídricos. Las tecnologías de rehabilitación convencionales suelen implicar costosos tratamientos mecánicos o químicos que pueden perturbar los ecosistemas. Por el contrario, la fittoremediación ha surgido como un enfoque ecológico y sostenible que utiliza las plantas para eliminar, estabilizar o transformar contaminantes del medio ambiente.

Key mechanisms of phytoremediation are discussed, demonstrating how plants interact with soil contaminants through physiological and biochemical processes.

Fitoextracción: Eliminación de contaminantes del suelo: La fitoextracción es uno de los procesos de fittoremediación más estudiados. En este mecanismo, las plantas absorben contaminantes como los metales pesados a través de sus raíces y los translocan a tejidos vegetales aéreos, incluyendo tallos y hojas. Estos contaminantes se acumulan en partes de plantas cosechables, que luego pueden ser retiradas del lugar.
Algunas especies vegetales conocidas como hiperacumuladores son particularmente efectivas en la fitoextracción porque pueden tolerar y acumular altas concentraciones de metales sin sufrir toxicidad.

Fitovolatilización: liberación de contaminantes en la atmósfera: la fitovolatiliza la absorción de contaminantes por raíces de las plantas, seguida de su transformación en formas volátiles que se liberan a la atmósFera a través de hojas de plantas. En este proceso, las plantas pueden convertir ciertos contaminantes en compuestos gaseosos menos dañinos. Aunque este mecanismo transfiere contaminantes del suelo al aire, puede reducir la toxicidad convirtiendo compuestos nocivos en formas menos reactivas.

Fitodegradación: Descomposición de contaminantes: La fitodegradación se refiere a la descomposición de los contaminantes complejos en compuestos más simples y menos tóxicos a través de procesos metabólicos vegetales. Las enzimas producidas dentro de los tejidos vegetales pueden degradar contaminantes orgánicos como pesticidas, hidrocarburos y productos químicos industriales. Este mecanismo desempeña un papel importante en la desintoxicación de suelos y agua contaminados, al mismo tiempo que se mantiene la estabilidad del ecosistema.

Fitoestimulación: Mejorando la actividad microbiana: Las plantas liberan una amplia gama de compuestos orgánicos desde sus raíces hacia el suelo circundante. Estos exudados de raíz estimulan poblaciones microbianas en la rizosfera, que a su vez degradan los contaminantes. Este proceso, conocido como fitostimulación, fortalece la colaboración entre plantas y microorganismos del suelo en la descomposición de contaminantes.

Fitosestabilización: Contaminantes inmovilizantes: En la fitosestabilización, las plantas reducen la movilidad y biodisponibilidad de los contaminantes en el suelo. Los sistemas raíces estabilizan los contaminantes al unirlos dentro de la matriz del suelo, impidiendo su movimiento a través del agua o el viento. Este mecanismo ayuda a prevenir la propagación de contaminantes a las aguas subterráneas o a los ecosistemas cercanos.

Fitofiltración: Filtrado de agua contaminada: La fitofiltración implica la absorción o adsorción de contaminantes por las raíces de las plantas en los sistemas de agua. Las raíces vegetales actúan como filtros naturales que capturan contaminantes disueltos de los cuerpos de agua contaminados. Este proceso es particularmente útil para tratar las aguas residuales y los entornos acuáticos contaminados.

Control fitohidráulico: manejo del movimiento de contaminantes: las plantas pueden influir en el movimiento de contaminantes a través de la absorción de agua. Mediante un mecanismo conocido como fitohidráulica, las raíces de las plantas absorben agua del suelo, limitando así el movimiento de las aguas subterráneas contaminadas. Al regular el flujo de agua, las plantas ayudan a contener contaminantes dentro de las áreas localizadas y a prevenir su propagación.

Photo Credit: Dehnavi et al., 2022; DOI: 10.1007/s13762-022-04343-0



Prueba tus conocimientos sobre Ciencias Ambientales:
https://jeas.agropublishers.com/2024/03/environmental-science-mcqs/
Prueba tus conocimientos sobre Ciencias del Suelo: https://agropublishers.com/2024/10/05/mcqs-soil-science/

How to Read Contour Lines on Topographic Maps: A Beginner’s GuideTest your knowledgeEnvironmental Science: https://jeas....
20/08/2026

How to Read Contour Lines on Topographic Maps: A Beginner’s Guide

Test your knowledge
Environmental Science: https://jeas.agropublishers.com/2024/03/environmental-science-mcqs/

Soil Science: https://agropublishers.com/2024/10/05/mcqs-soil-science/

Topographic maps help us understand the shape, elevation, and slope of the land. They are widely used in geography, environmental science, agriculture, forestry, engineering, hiking, and land-use planning.

The key to reading a topographic map is learning how to interpret contour lines.

What Are Contour Lines?

A contour line connects points that have the same elevation above a reference level, usually sea level.

For example, if a map has contour lines marked 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 ft, each line represents a different elevation.

The difference in elevation between two adjacent contour lines is called the contour interval.

Example: If the contour interval is 200 ft, each successive line represents a 200-ft change in elevation.

Always check the map legend to determine the contour interval.

Contour Spacing Shows Slope

One of the easiest rules to remember is:

Close contour lines = steep slope

Wide contour lines = gentle slope

When lines are close together, elevation changes rapidly over a short horizontal distance. When they are widely spaced, elevation changes more gradually.

This simple relationship makes contour maps useful for identifying difficult terrain, planning routes, and assessing land for agriculture or construction.

Recognizing Common Landforms

Contour patterns can reveal the three-dimensional shape of the landscape.

Hill

A hill generally appears as a series of closed, roughly circular contours, with elevation increasing toward the center.

Depression or Basin

A depression is a low area surrounded by higher ground. Closed contours with decreasing elevation toward the center indicate a depression. Some maps use small inward tick marks to make depressions easier to recognize.

Ridge

A ridge is an elongated area of higher ground. Its contours are usually stretched along the direction of the ridge.

Valley

Valleys are low areas between higher terrain. When contour lines cross a stream or valley, they commonly form a V-shaped pattern pointing upstream, toward higher elevation.

Saddle or Col

A saddle is a relatively low area between two higher points. It can provide a natural passage through mountainous terrain.

Cliff or Escarpment

Extremely close contour lines indicate a very steep slope and may represent a cliff or escarpment.

Five Rules Every Beginner Should Remember
Contour lines connect points of equal elevation.
Close lines indicate steep slopes.
Wide lines indicate gentle slopes.
Closed contours can represent hills or depressions—check the elevation values or hachures.
V-shaped contours generally point upstream when crossing valleys or streams.
Why Topographic Maps Matter

Understanding elevation and terrain is useful far beyond geography classrooms.

Topographic information can support:

Hiking and navigation: choosing safer and easier routes
Agriculture: planning contour farming and erosion-control measures
Water management: understanding drainage and runoff
Engineering: supporting road, bridge, and construction planning
Environmental management: analyzing watersheds, erosion, and landforms
Disaster planning: identifying steep terrain and potential drainage pathways
A Simple Way to Start Reading Any Map

When you first open a topographic map, follow these steps:

1. Find the legend.
Check the contour interval, scale, and symbols.

2. Identify elevation.
Look for labeled contour lines.

3. Examine spacing.
Close lines mean steep terrain; wide lines mean gentle terrain.

4. Look for patterns.
Identify hills, ridges, valleys, depressions, and saddles.

5. Follow the elevation.
Determine where the land rises and falls.

6. Think in 3D.
Try to imagine what the landscape would look like from the ground.

Final Takeaway

A topographic map is essentially a 3D landscape represented on a 2D surface. Once you understand contour intervals, line spacing, elevation values, and common contour patterns, you can begin to visualize mountains, valleys, ridges, and depressions without seeing the actual terrain.

Start with one simple question:

“What does the spacing and shape of these lines tell me about the land?”

With practice, contour maps become much easier to read—and much more useful for understanding the landscape around us.

Suggested Hashtags

Seed Priming to Alleviate Drought Stress in CottonSeed priming significantly improved cotton establishment and productiv...
20/08/2026

Seed Priming to Alleviate Drought Stress in Cotton

Seed priming significantly improved cotton establishment and productivity under drought stress.
BAP priming produced the highest boll number, boll weight, lint yield, and seed yield.
MLE priming resulted in the highest emergence index under drought.
CaCl₂ priming reduced mean germination time, promoting faster seedling emergence.
Seed priming is a simple, economical, and effective strategy for improving cotton performance under limited water availability.

https://jeas.agropublishers.com/2019/12/seed-priming-to-alleviate-drought-stress-in-cotton/

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Push–Pull Trap Cropping: A Chemically Mediated, Climate-Smart Pest Management SystemTest your knowledgeEntomology: https...
20/08/2026

Push–Pull Trap Cropping: A Chemically Mediated, Climate-Smart Pest Management System

Test your knowledge
Entomology: https://jeas.agropublishers.com/2024/03/entomology-mcqs/
Crop and Environment: https://jeas.agropublishers.com/.../crop-and-environment.../
Plant Pathology: https://jeas.agropublishers.com/.../12/plant-pathology-mcqs/

Trap cropping has evolved from a simple diversion tactic into a multi-functional ecological strategy. The push–pull system in maize represents one of the most successful applications, integrating chemical ecology, plant–plant interactions, and biological control to manage pests and improve soil health simultaneously.
Push Component: Desmodium intercropped with maize repels stemborer moths.
Pull Component: Napier grass planted around the border attracts pests away from the main crop.
Soil Fertility: Desmodium fixes nitrogen, improving soil health.
Striga Control: The legume also suppresses the parasitic w**d Striga.

Conceptual Framework: Push–Pull as Tritrophic Manipulation
The push–pull strategy operates through behavior-modifying semiochemicals:
Push (repellent intercrop) → Desmodium emits volatile compounds that repel herbivorous insects
Pull (trap crop) → Napier grass attracts pests away from maize
Tritrophic enhancement → Volatiles also recruit natural enemies

This system exploits herbivore host-selection behavior and plant signaling pathways.

Mechanistic Basis of the Push Component (Desmodium)
Aboveground Effects
Desmodium releases herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) such as: DMNT (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, Other terpenoids
These compounds interfere with host location by stem borer moths, effectively repelling oviposition.

Belowground Effects
Desmodium roots produce allelopathic exudates that:
Inhibit germination of Striga spp.
Induce suicidal germination (germination without host attachment)
Additionally, as a legume, desmodium enhances biological nitrogen fixation, improving soil fertility.

Mechanistic Basis of the Pull Component (Napier Grass)
Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) functions as a highly attractive trap crop:
Emits volatile cues more attractive than maize
Encourages preferential egg-laying by stem borers
Larval Mortality Mechanism

Unlike maize, Napier grass exhibits:
Poor larval survival environment
Production of sticky latex-like exudates upon larval feeding
→ This physically traps and kills larvae, creating a dead-end host system

System-Level Ecological Benefits
Pest Suppression
Significant reduction in stem borer infestation
Lower pest population carryover
W**d Control
Strong suppression of Striga spp. via root-mediated chemical interactions

Soil Fertility Enhancement
Nitrogen enrichment through legume integration
Improved soil structure and microbial activity
Biodiversity and Biological Control
Enhanced habitat for natural enemies (parasitoids and predators)
Increased ecological resilience

Integration with Semiochemical Ecology
Recent advances highlight that push–pull is fundamentally a semiochemical engineering system:
DMNT and related volatiles act as airborne signals disrupting pest behavior
Root exudates function as belowground chemical regulators
The system integrates aboveground and rhizosphere signaling networks

Thus, push–pull represents a field-scale application of tritrophic interaction theory.

Advanced Adaptations and Climate Resilience
Modern refinements include: Use of climate-resilient desmodium species (drought-tolerant varieties)
Integration into climate-smart agriculture systems
Compatibility with low-input and smallholder farming systems

These adaptations enhance system performance under climate variability and stress conditions.

Other Trap Cropping Applications (Refined Perspective)
Classical Examples
Indian mustard → attracts Plutella xylostella in brassicas
Marigold (Tagetes spp.) → suppresses nematodes and attracts insect pests
Pigeon pea and sunflower → trap crops for Helicoverpa armigera

Sequential Trap Cropping
Early planting of a sacrificial crop to attract pests
Followed by destruction or targeted treatment
→ Requires precise timing to avoid pest spillover

Management Considerations
For optimal performance:
Regular monitoring of trap crops is essential
Trap crops must be managed or destroyed before pest completion of lifecycle
Spatial arrangement (border vs intercrop) influences effectiveness
Synchronization with pest phenology is critical

The push–pull system demonstrates that crop protection can be achieved by manipulating ecological signals rather than relying on chemical inputs. By integrating semiochemicals, plant diversity, and trophic interactions, it offers a robust model for sustainable intensification and resilient agroecosystems.
Photo Credit: Picket et al., 2014: DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.12.006



Test your knowledge
Entomology: https://jeas.agropublishers.com/2024/03/entomology-mcqs/
Crop and Environment: https://jeas.agropublishers.com/2026/02/crop-and-environment-mcqs/
Plant Pathology: https://jeas.agropublishers.com/2025/12/plant-pathology-mcqs/

Köppen Climate Classification SystemThe most widely used system for categorizing the world’s climates is the Köppen Clim...
20/08/2026

Köppen Climate Classification System
The most widely used system for categorizing the world’s climates is the Köppen Climate Classification. This system was devised by the German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in the early 20th century, using data on temperature, precipitation, and their seasonal distribution as the primary criteria.Science

Test Your Knowledge: Climate Change: https://agropublishers.com/2026/03/23/climate-change-mcqs-200-questions-answers/

The Köppen classification system is designed to reflect the close relationship between climate and regional vegetation; therefore, it is very useful in agriculture, ecology, geography and environmental studies.

http://jeas.agropublishers.com/2026/06/koppen-climate-classification-system/

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Bacterial Growth CurveThe bacterial growth curve is a graphical representation of bacterial population growth in a close...
19/08/2026

Bacterial Growth Curve
The bacterial growth curve is a graphical representation of bacterial population growth in a closed culture system over time.
The Bacterial Growth Curve have of four distinct phases:
lag phase (adaptation with little or no cell division),
log or exponential phase (rapid cell division and exponential growth),
stationary phase (growth rate equals death rate due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation),
death or decline phase (cell death exceeds cell division, resulting in a decline in viable bacteria).

https://jeas.agropublishers.com/2026/06/microbiology-mcqs/

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