Abcon-Tech

Abcon-Tech Welcome to Abcon Blog! I'm Abcon an information analyst with a passion for uncovering insights and sharing knowledge.

With 10 years of experience in data analysis and interpretation, I help readers like you make informed decisions and navigat

The 7 Layers of the OSI Model Explained 🌐Ever wondered how your message gets from your phone to a server on the other si...
29/08/2026

The 7 Layers of the OSI Model Explained 🌐

Ever wondered how your message gets from your phone to a server on the other side of the world?

The OSI Model breaks it down into 7 layers. Each layer has one job:

Application- `HTTP, FTP, SMTP` - What you use
Presentation- `Encryption, Compression` - How data looks
Session - Manages connections
Transport- `TCP, UDP` - Reliable delivery
Network - `IP` - Finds the route
Data Link - `Ethernet, WiFi` - Local delivery Physical- Cables, fiber, signals

From request to response, every click goes through all 7.

Which layer do you work with the most? 👇

18/08/2026

📱 Phone saying “Storage Full” but you didn’t download anything? 😩

Here are 3 hidden space-eaters you should check on your phone in Freetown 👇🏾

1️⃣ WhatsApp “Sent” videos 🎥
2️⃣ Telegram cache 📂
3️⃣ Old APK files 📦

🧹 Quick fix:
Go to Settings → Storage and check what’s taking up the most space. Then clear unnecessary files and cache.

⚠️ Tip: Don’t delete important photos, videos, or documents without checking them first!

💾 Save this post so you don’t forget!

Which app is taking most of YOUR storage? 👇🏾
Drop the app name in the comments!

Running a shop? I highly recommend the Eastpoint Retail Manager App — it makes sales, stock, and reporting super easy. 1...
14/08/2026

Running a shop? I highly recommend the Eastpoint Retail Manager App — it makes sales, stock, and reporting super easy. 100% safe and secure. Download now: https://eastpointepb.com/

14/08/2026

How to Connect Hotspot on an Android phone
Part 1: Turn ON Hotspot on Your Phone

For Android
1. Open Settings
2. Tap Network & Internet> Hotspot & Tethering
3. Tap Wi-Fi Hotspot
4. Toggle ON
5. Tap the hotspot name to see the SSID and Password. You can also tap Edit to change them.
Abass Potho Conteh

TYPES OF ETHERNET CABLE1. CAT5e CABLE- Speed: Up to 1 Gbps- Frequency: Up to 100 MHz- *Notes*: Most common for basic hom...
10/08/2026

TYPES OF ETHERNET CABLE

1. CAT5e CABLE
- Speed: Up to 1 Gbps
- Frequency: Up to 100 MHz
- *Notes*: Most common for basic home and small office networks. Affordable, handles internet, streaming, and light gaming fine.
- *Best for*: Everyday use where gigabit is enough

2. CAT6 CABLE
- Speed: Up to 10 Gbps
- Distance: 10 Gbps up to 55 meters
- Frequency: Up to 250 MHz
- Notes: Thicker wires + better twisting than CAT5e. Less crosstalk and interference.
- Best for: Homes/offices that want faster speeds without going overboard

3. CAT6a CABLE
- Speed: Up to 10 Gbps
- Distance: 10 Gbps up to 100 meters
- Frequency: Up to 500 MHz
- Notes: "a" = augmented. Better shielding than CAT6, so it maintains 10Gbps over full 100m runs.
- Best for: Businesses, larger buildings, future-proofing

4. CAT7 CABLE
- Speed: Up to 10 Gbps
- Distance: Up to 100 meters
- Frequency: Up to 600 MHz
- Notes: Each pair + overall cable is shielded. Great noise reduction. Uses GG45 or TERA connectors sometimes, but RJ45 works too.
- Best for: Environments with lots of electrical interference

5. CAT8 CABLE
- Speed: Up to 25/40 Gbps
- Distance: Up to 30 meters
- Frequency: Up to 2000 MHz
- Notes: Heavily shielded. Designed for data centers and server rooms. Not ideal for long home runs due to distance limit.
- Best for: Highest speed, shortest distance, pro equipment

6. OUTDOOR ETHERNET CABLE
- Speed: Depends on CAT rating inside - usually CAT5e/6/6a
- Notes: Weather-resistant, UV-protected jacket. Can be direct burial rated. Protects from rain, sun, and temperature swings.
- *Best for*: Connecting buildings, cameras, access points outside

7. FLAT ETHERNET CABLE
- Speed: Depends on CAT rating inside - usually CAT5e/6/6a
- Notes: Flat ribbon design. Easy to tuck under carpets, along baseboards, or through tight spaces. More flexible but slightly more prone to interference.
- Best for: Clean home/office installs where cable needs to be hidden

Key

The Big Picture: How the Internet Gets Into the OfficeThink of it like water flowing through pipes, but instead it's dat...
06/08/2026

The Big Picture: How the Internet Gets Into the Office
Think of it like water flowing through pipes, but instead it's data.

1. Internet from ISP → Comes in through the ISP Router. This gives the office a Public IP address so it can connect to the internet.
2. Firewall (Fortinet) → Acts like a security guard. It blocks hackers, handles VPN if people work from home, and separates different parts of the network using VLANs.
3. Manageable Switch → This is the "traffic controller" in the middle. Every wired device plugs into it. It decides where data should go inside the office.

What’s Connected in the Office

1. Internet & Wi-Fi Devices
- WiFi Access Point: Gives wireless internet to Laptops and Mobiles
- Wired Devices: 10 Desktops, more Laptops, Common Printer, Time Attendance System for clocking in/out, and CCTV Cameras for security. All of these connect through cables to the Switch.

2. Office Systems
- Yeastar IP PABX This is the office phone system. The IP Phones connect to it, and it connects to the switch so you can make calls over the internet.
- Proxmox Server: This is the "office brain". It runs virtual computers for things like:
- File Server: storing shared files
- AD/DNS/DHCP: logging in users and giving IP addresses
- Applications and Backups
- NAS Storage: Like a big shared hard drive for the whole office. Used for file storage, shared folders, and backups.

Extra Smart Stuff

Network Summary:
Internet → Router → Firewall → Switch → Everything else
Plus: Office phones, server, storage, Wi-Fi, CCTV, attendance system, and printer.

VLAN Suggestion:
This is just a way to keep things organized and secure. Imagine different "lanes" on the same road:
- VLAN 10: DATA - for regular computers
- VLAN 20: VOICE - for office phones
- VLAN 30: SERVER - for Proxmox and NAS
- VLAN 40: CCTV - for cameras
- VLAN 50: GUEST WIFI - so visitors don't access office files
- VLAN 99: MANAGEMENT - for IT to manage everything

Router – Parts and FunctionsDefinition: A router is a networking device that connects multiple networks and forwards dat...
06/08/2026

Router – Parts and Functions

Definition: A router is a networking device that connects multiple networks and forwards data packets between them. Think of it like a _smart traffic cop_ that decides the best path for data to reach the correct destination.

1. External Parts
These are the parts you see on the outside of the router.
- Antenna: Sends and receives Wi-Fi signals
- Power Button: Turns the router ON / OFF
- Power Port: Connects the adapter to supply power
- LAN Ports: Connect devices like PC, Laptop, Smart TV using LAN cable
- WAN Port: Connects the router to modem / internet
- LED Indicators: Show the status of Power, Internet, Wi-Fi, LAN, etc.
- WPS / Reset Button:
- WPS: For quick Wi-Fi connection
- Reset: Restarts or resets the router

2. Internal Parts
These are inside the router and handle the processing.
- CPU: Processes all data and manages router operations
- RAM: Temporarily stores data and running processes
- Flash Memory: Stores firmware, settings, and configuration
- Network Processor: Handles data packets and routing between networks
- Wi-Fi Module: Enables wireless connectivity

3. Functions of a Router
- Connects multiple devices to the internet
- Routes data between different networks
- Provides Wi-Fi connectivity
- Assigns IP addresses using DHCP
- Protects network using Firewall
- Manages network traffic and ensures smooth communication

4. Types of Routers
- Wired Router: Uses cables to connect devices
- Wireless Router: Provides Wi-Fi to connect devices
- Core Router: Used by ISPs to manage large networks
- Virtual Router: Runs as software on a device

Key takeaway: External parts handle connections, internal parts handle processing, and the main job of a router is to direct traffic between networks safely and efficiently.

Memory of ComputerDefinition: Memory is a storage place where a computer stores data and instructions.Types of Memory1) ...
06/08/2026

Memory of Computer
Definition: Memory is a storage place where a computer stores data and instructions.

Types of Memory

1) Primary Memory
This is the main memory that the CPU directly accesses.
- RAM - Random Access Memory
- Nature: Temporary memory
- Key point: Data is lost when power is off
- Use: Runs programs and processes currently in use
- ROM - Read Only Memory
- Nature: Permanent memory
- Key point: Data remains stored even when power is off
- Use: Stores startup instructions like BIOS

2) Secondary Memory
This is external storage for long-term data.
- Examples: Hard Disk, Pen Drive, CD/DVD, Memory Card
- Key point: Large storage capacity and data is permanent until you delete it

Memory Summary Table
Memory Type Example. Feature
Primary RAM Temporary
Primary ROM Permanent
Secondary Hard Disk Large Storage
Quick way to remember it:
- RAM= Running memory. Gone when power goes off
- ROM = Read-only, permanent memory
- Secondary = Storage memory. Big and permanent.

Subject: Computer Studies Topic: Parts of a Computer Mouse and Their Functions1. IntroductionA computer mouse is a poin...
05/08/2026

Subject: Computer Studies
Topic: Parts of a Computer Mouse and Their Functions
1. Introduction
A computer mouse is a pointing device that moves the cursor on the screen and helps users interact with the computer. Without a mouse, it would be harder to click, select, scroll, and navigate programs.

Mice can be wired or wireless. The one in our diagram is a wired optical mouse.

2. Lesson Objectives
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Identify the main parts of a computer mouse from the front and back view
2. State the function of each part
3. Explain how the mouse helps us use the computer

3. Parts of a Computer Mouse

A. Front View (Top)
1. Cable: Connects the mouse to the computer to transmit data and power. Wireless mice don’t have this.
2. Left Button: The main button. Used for selecting, opening files, and clicking.
3. Right Button: Used to open shortcut menus or get more options.
4. Scroll Wheel: Rolls up and down to move through web pages and documents quickly.
5. Side Button 1: Extra button, often used for "Back" in a browser or other shortcuts.
6. Side Button 2: Extra button, often used for "Forward" in a browser or other shortcuts.
7. DPI Button: Changes the mouse sensitivity. Higher DPI = cursor moves faster with less hand movement. Used by gamers and designers.
8. Mouse Body: The outer shell that you hold. Designed for comfort and grip.

B. Back View (Bottom)
9. Optical Sensor (Bottom): In some diagrams this refers to the sensor area. It tracks movement.
10. Glide Pads (Feet) - Top: Small pads that help the mouse slide smoothly on the surface.
11. *Optical Sensor*: The light or laser that detects movement by reading the surface under the mouse.
12. Glide Pads (Feet) - Bottom: More pads for smooth movement and to protect the surface.

4. How It Works
When you move the mouse, the *Optical Sensor* detects the movement. The sensor sends signals through the *Cable* to the computer. The computer then moves the cursor on the screen. Th

Output Devices *1. Meaning of Output Devices*Output devices are hardware components of a computer that receive processe...
27/07/2026

Output Devices

*1. Meaning of Output Devices*
Output devices are hardware components of a computer that receive processed data from the computer and present the results to the user in a form we can understand.
*In short*: They show the results of the computer’s work so we can see, hear, or use them.

*2. Characteristics of Output Devices*
- *Show or produce the results* of processing
- *Receive data from the computer* only
- *Do not send data to the computer*
- *Help us see, hear, or get the output* in a usable form

*3. Common Output Devices and Their Functions*

1. *Monitor*
Displays information on the screen.
Shows text, pictures, videos, and graphics.
_Example_: The screen you use to see what you’re typing.

2. *Printer*
Produces a hard copy of information on paper.
_Example_: Printing an assignment, letter, or photo.

3. *Speakers*
Output sound so we can hear music, voices, and system alerts.
_Example_: Listening to music or a video without wearing anything.

4. *Headphones*
Work like speakers but are worn on the ears for private listening.
_Example_: Listening to music in class or on the bus without disturbing others.

5. *Projector*
Displays the computer’s screen on a big wall or whiteboard for a large audience.
_Example_: Teachers using it in class or for presentations.

6. *Plotter*
Prints large and detailed drawings such as maps and building plans.
_Example_: Architects printing building designs.

*4. Difference Between Input and Output Devices - Quick Reminder*
Input devices send data TO the computer.
Output devices take data FROM the computer and give results to us.

*5. Summary*
Output devices are very important because without them we would not know what the computer has done with the data. They convert computer data into forms we can see, hear, or hold.

*6. Evaluation Questions*
1. What is an output device?
2. List 4 characteristics of output devices.
3. Mention 3 output devices

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