11/02/2025
The Hunley …
Inside the raised wreck of the Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley, all eight crew members were found still seated at their stations when she was brought up from Charleston Harbor in 2000. None showed signs of escape attempts, panic, or movement. This physical evidence led to a new explanation for their deaths. Fresh research at Duke University demonstrated that the exploding spar torpedo, fixed on a 22-foot iron pole attached directly to the bow, could send a violent pressure wave straight through the hull. That shock would cause instant fatal lung and brain trauma. The boat remained attached to the weapon, so the blast hit the interior with full force. Divers later confirmed the torpedo had not been released before detonation.
The Hunley was a 40-foot iron hand-crank submarine, built for the Confederate Navy in 1863. She had already sunk twice during training, killing earlier crews, including her designer Horace Hunley. Despite this, she returned to service and on 17 February 1864 became the first submarine in history to sink an enemy warship, USS Housatonic. Moments later she slipped beneath the surface and was lost for over a century. Located in 1995 and raised in 2000, she is now conserved in North Charleston. The intact crew positions and wreck analysis strongly support the conclusion that the mission succeeded, but the blast of their own torpedo killed the men instantly before they ever had a chance to surface.