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The Emerald Review

The Emerald Review is a student-run, undergraduate publication of articles focused on the intersecti Submissions believed to be plagiarized will be reviewed.
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Opinions and comments are solely those of the author of any article, opinion, or written piece within The Emerald Review. If you have questions or concerns, please direct an email to [email protected].

10/20/2021

In a press conference on March 29, President Biden announced plans for a new Wind Energy Area in the New York Bight, an area of shallow water off the coasts of New Jersey and Long Island. When established, this project will create good-paying union jobs, strengthen the domestic supply chain, and support critical research, development, and data-sharing. While there are many benefits to Biden’s proposal, people still raise some concerns....

http://emeraldreview.com/wind-energy-in-the-new-york-bight/

In a press conference on March 29, President Biden announced plans for a new Wind Energy Area in the New York Bight, an area of…

10/19/2021

Most recently in 2014, the city of Barcelona, Spain was faced with serious air and noise pollution problems. The major city and its thirty-five surrounding municipalities consistently failed to meet the European Union’s air quality targets. 44% of Barcelona residents are exposed to higher-than-recommended air pollution levels, and 46% higher-than-recommended noise levels. Direct exposure to air pollution in the region has tallied an astounding 3,500 premature deaths every year....

http://emeraldreview.com/barcelonas-superilles-countering-the-ubiquity-of-automobiles/

Most recently in 2014, the city of Barcelona, Spain was faced with serious air and noise pollution problems. The major city and its thirty-five surrounding…

10/18/2021

When a cow consumes livestock feed or grazes, the microbes in its stomach ferment the food by utilizing carbon and hydrogen, thereby producing enteric methane. Enteric methane is intestinal and predominantly released through eructation (belching), yet a small percentage is also released through flatulence. Ge**er et al. state that the emissions from the livestock sector are “estimated at 7.1 gigatonnes CO2 -eq per annum, representing 14.5 percent of human-induced GHG emissions,” noting especially that 41 percent of the total is from beef steers (cattle raised for meat)....

http://emeraldreview.com/combating-methane-emissions-with-red-microalgae-supplementation-in-steers/

When a cow consumes livestock feed or grazes, the microbes in its stomach ferment the food by utilizing carbon and hydrogen, thereby producing enteric methane.…

10/15/2021

The global population is expected to reach 9 billion people by 2050, and many are wondering how to feed this growing population. In order to feed 9 billion people, current food production will have to double; however, with the rising threat of climate change, the agricultural industry will have to develop more sustainable food resources. Resources are already limited, and feeding a future population will only put further pressure on those limited resources....

http://emeraldreview.com/insects-the-food-of-the-future/

The global population is expected to reach 9 billion people by 2050, and many are wondering how to feed this growing population. In order to…

10/14/2021

Maple trees have long been a staple of Northeastern America, valued for both aesthetic and practical purposes, including their ability to produce sap that can be turned into an edible syrup, first produced by Native Americans. On the surface, this process seems to be holding steadfast in the face of climate change as maple syrup production increases by 10% each year due to new developments in sap collecting mechanisms....

http://emeraldreview.com/the-future-of-the-maple-syrup-industry/

Maple trees have long been a staple of Northeastern America, valued for both aesthetic and practical purposes, including their ability to produce sap that can…

10/13/2021

For the last two centuries, fossil fuels have been the main source of energy production across the globe, especially in Saudi Arabia. As the second largest oil producer and sixth largest oil consumer, Saudi Arabia, along with many other countries, have played a major role in progressing both global warming and climate change. However, Saudi Arabia has acknowledged the harms of using fossil fuels and has formed a promising plan of action to divert away from fossil fuels and towards sustainable and renewable energy sources....

http://emeraldreview.com/saudi-goes-green/

For the last two centuries, fossil fuels have been the main source of energy production across the globe, especially in Saudi Arabia. As the second…

10/12/2021

Over the past decade, there has been a widespread rise in the use and intrigue of cryptocurrency, showing no indication of slowing down. Cryptocurrency is a form of digitized money, with notable companies including Bitcoin and Ethereum, with Bitcoin particularly surging in value in early 2021. This, however, is not without its environmental drawbacks. As the cryptocurrency industry gains traction and expands, so does its carbon footprint. ...

http://emeraldreview.com/the-surge-of-cryptocurrency-and-its-carbon-footprint/

Over the past decade, there has been a widespread rise in the use and intrigue of cryptocurrency, showing no indication of slowing down. Cryptocurrency is…

10/11/2021

In northern New Mexico, the Navajo and Pueblo native tribes face constant public health and environmental risks due to land leases for oil drilling on local public lands. Although fracking has been permitted for decades in this region, in 2010, new technologies allowed oil companies to drill deeper than ever before, revitalizing the potential for companies to continue to deplete the region’s resources....

http://emeraldreview.com/fighting-for-environmental-justice-the-detrimental-impact-of-big-oil-and-gas-on-new-mexicos-indigenous-communities/

In northern New Mexico, the Navajo and Pueblo native tribes face constant public health and environmental risks due to land leases for oil drilling on…

10/11/2021

In February 2021, severe winter storms caused major statewide power outages throughout Texas, with an estimated cost of $195.6 billion and 111 lives lost over the course of a few weeks. As soon as the blackouts started, politicians began denouncing the expansion of renewable energy sources in the Texan power grid as the cause of the issues, citing frozen wind turbines, among other things. ...

http://emeraldreview.com/the-american-energy-grid-needs-to-get-ready-for-renewables/

In February 2021, severe winter storms caused major statewide power outages throughout Texas, with an estimated cost of $195.6 billion and 111 lives lost over…

10/09/2021

In late 2020, America gained a new addition to its beloved National Park System as West Virginia gained its first. New River Gorge National Park and Preserve expands over 53 square miles of land, featuring steep cliffs as high as 1,600 feet carved by the flowing turquoise New River, the second oldest river in the world. Biodiversity includes endangered species such as the Allegheny woodrat and the Virginia big-eared bat, and the most diverse plant collection of any river gorge in central and south Appalachia....

http://emeraldreview.com/americas-newest-national-park-conservation-tourism-and-accessibility/

In late 2020, America gained a new addition to its beloved National Park System as West Virginia gained its first. New River Gorge National Park…

10/08/2021

As London’s urban population continues to grow, improper wastewater management increases exponentially. Every major and growing city has experienced at one point or another an imminent need to update its sewer systems in order to accommodate the waste influx. In London, this issue is acutely prominent due to improper disposal of sanitary products and the widespread use of pharmaceutical and recreational drugs....

http://emeraldreview.com/the-river-thames-has-a-drug-problem/

As London’s urban population continues to grow, improper wastewater management increases exponentially. Every major and growing city has experienced at one point or another an…

10/07/2021

On March 18th, 2021, representatives from China and the United States met at a summit in Alaska for the first meeting between the two world powers since the Biden administration took office. Reports leading up to the meeting were riddled with headlines like “Climate Offers a Glimmer of Hope for U.S.-China Cooperation.” Climate discussions were one of the only positive signs to come out of the reunion, as the meeting also clarified that the relationship between the two countries is taut with tensions....

http://emeraldreview.com/climate-policy-the-one-thing-china-and-the-us-can-agree-on/

On March 18th, 2021, representatives from China and the United States met at a summit in Alaska for the first meeting between the two world…

10/06/2021

The Gulf Coast of Florida is home to a mammal rarely found anywhere else in the world: the manatee. These creatures are slow moving omnivores that are loved by locals, but despite their popularity, their numbers are dwindling. Manatees are difficult to spot in the water and tend to hover around surface water level, making it incredibly easy to slice their backs with boat propellers....

http://emeraldreview.com/manatees-biggest-enemy-covid-19/

The Gulf Coast of Florida is home to a mammal rarely found anywhere else in the world: the manatee. These creatures are slow moving omnivores…

10/05/2021

As scientists and governments seek new ways to counteract the anthropogenic causes of climate change, one popular channel is waste management. In 2018, the United States generated 292.4 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW). This is equivalent to 4.9 pounds of MSW per person per day—an unnervingly large statistic, and the highest per capita out of any country globally. Luckily, not all of this waste is going straight to the landfill....

http://emeraldreview.com/a-green-solution-for-municipal-solid-waste/

As scientists and governments seek new ways to counteract the anthropogenic causes of climate change, one popular channel is waste management. In 2018, the United…

10/03/2021

Scientists around the world observe the public health consequences of human activity on the environment. The recent coronavirus pandemic has inspired a notable scientific regard in identifying the role of the environment and human activity on the spread of disease. The dominant areas of environmental investigation concern worldwide deforestation, and the loss of biodiversity among species. Over the last couple of decades, researchers have noticed a strong correlation between the loss of biodiversity among wildlife and the spread of disease....

http://emeraldreview.com/trees-and-disease-how-climate-change-affects-public-health/

Scientists around the world observe the public health consequences of human activity on the environment. The recent coronavirus pandemic has inspired a notable scientific regard…

10/02/2021

In 2020, the European airspace giant, Airbus, announced plans to develop the first zero emission, hydrogen powered aircraft. This plan comes after the aviation industry contributed more than 1 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2019 alone. Airbus sees their plan as the only option of tackling decarbonization in the aviation industry, given recent failed attempts using different sources of power such as batteries....

http://emeraldreview.com/airbus-flight-to-net-zero-emissions/

In 2020, the European airspace giant, Airbus, announced plans to develop the first zero emission, hydrogen powered aircraft. This plan comes after the aviation industry…

09/25/2021

In early 2021, Denmark announced a bold and somewhat unprecedented plan to tackle climate change by adding another innovative technology to Denmark’s renewable energy catalog: a floating energy island the size of 18 football fields 50 miles out in the North Sea. As a sector of the government’s Ministry of Climate, Energy, and Utilities, the Danish Energy Agency announced the plan to go forward with this massive infrastructure project, aiding in Denmark’s innovative steps forward in renewable energy....

http://emeraldreview.com/denmarks-bold-new-proposal-for-a-giant-artificial-energy-island/

In early 2021, Denmark announced a bold and somewhat unprecedented plan to tackle climate change by adding another innovative technology to Denmark’s renewable energy catalog:…

09/24/2021

Up in the San Bernardino Mountains of Southern California stands a tree on the shore of Big Bear Lake. 145 feet up the trunk of the Jeffrey pine and nestled in between branches is a large nest in which a bald eagle roosts. Her deep brown feathers blend in with the nest’s sticks, twigs, and dried grasses. Her white head and hooked yellow beak, however, stand out from her surroundings....

http://emeraldreview.com/plight-to-flight-the-bald-eagle-recovery-story/

Up in the San Bernardino Mountains of Southern California stands a tree on the shore of Big Bear Lake. 145 feet up the trunk of…

09/23/2021

Humans have long had the dream of using the constant movement and power of oceans as an energy resource to power daily life. With two-thirds of the earth’s surface covered in ocean water, this dream may soon become a reality. Colossal waves and consistent tides represent one of our planet’s last untapped natural and renewable energy resources. To take advantage of these resources, urgent action plans according to the current climate of Environmental Policy around the world have specified the importance of reducing both carbon and greenhouse gas emissions as a main priority....

http://emeraldreview.com/energy-source-of-the-future-ocean-waves/

Humans have long had the dream of using the constant movement and power of oceans as an energy resource to power daily life. With two-thirds…

09/21/2021

The agricultural revolution introduced new ways to support a greater and healthier human population. The revolution also spurred a series of events that led humans to exploit and harm the environment, specifically soil. Soil plays a significant role in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur by storing, releasing, and transforming these nutrients into resources for surrounding vegetation. Through these processes, soil fertility and organic matter content are regulated....

http://emeraldreview.com/over-tilling-an-anthropogenic-crisis/

The agricultural revolution introduced new ways to support a greater and healthier human population. The revolution also spurred a series of events that led humans…

09/20/2021

On January 29, 2021, China’s Central Environmental Inspection Team (CEIT) released an inspection report criticizing the National Energy Administration (NEA). The report claims that the NEA has failed to implement environmental protection policies properly. High-level central government agencies have rarely been inspected and openly criticized for numerous failures related to environmental protection and sustainable energy development. Environmental degradation is a common concern of China and the United States, the two biggest emitters of CO2 in the world....

http://emeraldreview.com/implications-of-chinas-central-environmental-inspection-team-criticizing-the-national-energy-administration/

On January 29, 2021, China’s Central Environmental Inspection Team (CEIT) released an inspection report criticizing the National Energy Administration (NEA). The report claims that the…

09/19/2021

Assam is a state in northeastern India nestled between China, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan. It is a melting pot of ethnicities, languages, and tribes. In fact, the label ‘Assamese’ can be applied to a broad spectrum of people; including “tribal communities, non-tribal communities of different religions, indigenous groups, and non-natives who share a common cultural heritage of Assam and speak the Assamese language.” Yet, the migration of Bangladeshis fleeing poor environmental and economic conditions upsets the precarious political balance of the indigenous and Hindu Assamese and their perceived political security....

http://emeraldreview.com/breaking-borders-investigating-the-implications-of-climate-migration-on-political-violence-at-the-assam/

Assam is a state in northeastern India nestled between China, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan. It is a melting pot of ethnicities, languages, and tribes. In…

09/18/2021

In 2019, over 29.7 million people took cruise ship vacations. With such a high demand for cruises, the industry generates over $55.5 billion annually in the United States. Although the industry is an enormous economic contributor, this comes with environmental costs. The cruise ship industry is notorious for causing many different forms of environmental damage due to the massive carbon footprints of the ships themselves, and the amount of waste from the resources used by passengers....

http://emeraldreview.com/cruise-ships-and-wastewater-pollution/

In 2019, over 29.7 million people took cruise ship vacations. With such a high demand for cruises, the industry generates over $55.5 billion annually in…

04/17/2021

As the COVID-19 pandemic rages on, climate activism has fallen victim to “the new normal,” with social distancing standards preventing common forms of activism. Recovering from the pandemic has taken priority over climate action, despite a catastrophic past year of environmental challenges. Fridays for Future, a youth-based climate activism movement, is no stranger to the hardships of COVID-19. Based on collective action, the organization has been forced to adapt and broaden its coalition....

http://emeraldreview.com/climate-activism-during-covid-19-how-fridays-for-future-has-continued-to-mobilize/

As the COVID-19 pandemic rages on, climate activism has fallen victim to “the new normal,” with social distancing standards preventing common forms of activism. Recovering…

04/16/2021

As vaccines are distributed and restrictions lifted, travelers are eager to get back to their weekend getaways and international rendezvous. Some studies predict that travel will skyrocket once all COVID-19 restrictions are lifted. This is all fine and dandy for increasing cultural awareness and curing cabin fever, but with more air travel comes higher levels of CO2 emissions. With that in mind, companies are working quickly to find sustainable solutions to make air travel more climate-friendly, one of which being sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs)....

http://emeraldreview.com/sustainable-aviation-fuels-taking-off-or-failure-to-launch/

As vaccines are distributed and restrictions lifted, travelers are eager to get back to their weekend getaways and international rendezvous. Some studies predict that travel…

04/15/2021

In an international literature review published in the journal Science entitled “The soundscape of the Anthropocene ocean,” researchers from institutions across the world conclude that anthropogenic noise pollution in the ocean is affecting marine organisms more than previously thought. According to Ben Haplern, director of the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis at UC Santa Barbara and coauthor of the study, we have “replaced the sounds of nature throughout the ocean with those of humans” and that policy must become more ambitious in mitigating marine noise pollution....

http://emeraldreview.com/now-is-the-time-to-abate-ocean-noise-pollution/

In an international literature review published in the journal Science entitled “The soundscape of the Anthropocene ocean,” researchers from institutions across the world conclude that…

04/14/2021

The plant-based milk industry has skyrocketed in recent years due to increases in popularity of vegan milk options made from plants like almonds, soybeans, and oats. While dairy milk sales are declining at a rate of 3% each year, sales of plant-based milk have grown 6% in just the past year, taking up 13% of the entire milk industry as of 2019....

http://emeraldreview.com/which-plant-based-milk-is-best-for-the-environment/

The plant-based milk industry has skyrocketed in recent years due to increases in popularity of vegan milk options made from plants like almonds, soybeans, and…

04/13/2021

More and more corporations recently have pledged to tackle climate change by reducing their carbon emissions by a given date, and by reaching net zero by some point between 2040 and 2060. To ensure these corporations meet their commitments, the public then needs to remain vigilant and hold them accountable. Without accountability, companies can very easily pick up climate pledges as a form of greenwashing....

http://emeraldreview.com/corporate-climate-pledges-a-new-form-of-greenwashing/

More and more corporations recently have pledged to tackle climate change by reducing their carbon emissions by a given date, and by reaching net zero…

04/12/2021

The Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw tribal community of Isle de Jean Charles, off the coast of Louisiana, is sinking into the ocean. In the past six decades, the island has lost 98% of its land due to sea level rise and constant coastal erosion, with their five by eleven-mile island shrinking to a mere quarter-mile by two miles. There is one road into the island that floods at least once a week so that no cars can pass....

http://emeraldreview.com/isle-de-jean-charles-the-first-of-many-failures-or-a-successful-blueprint/

The Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw tribal community of Isle de Jean Charles, off the coast of Louisiana, is sinking into the ocean. In the past six decades, the…

04/12/2021

Words don’t start out as buzzwords. They often originate as technical words, but then lose meaning after being overused, transforming them from words to on-hand jargon. The word “green” takes 0.15 seconds to generate 16,330,000,000 results on Google. Edging in second place is “sustainable,” with 782,000,000 results in 0.95 seconds. “Regenerative” comes up short, taking 1.04 seconds to produce 34,000,000 results. ...

http://emeraldreview.com/making-sense-of-sustainability-buzzwords/

Words don’t start out as buzzwords. They often originate as technical words, but then lose meaning after being overused, transforming them from words to on-hand…

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