11/14/2025
Happy to "Words Colliding: The Debate over Slavery and Black Exclusion in Nineteenth-Century America" by Andrew F. Hammann!
In 1787, Thomas Jefferson declared that the United States was destined to become a nation free of slavery—and of its entire Black population. Following his cue, Henry Clay and other prominent politicians founded the American Colonization Society in 1816, launching the Black expatriation ('colonization') movement, a political force that, over the next eighty years, promoted the removal, with federal support, of the nation’s Black population. Throughout this time, the vast majority of Black Americans, Frederick Douglass among them, opposed this movement with great vigor and conviction, characterizing it as one of their greatest enemies, second only to slavery itself.
"Words Colliding" offers the fullest account to date of this political debate, highlighting its dramatic impact on the national conversations regarding slavery and Black civil rights. From the beginning, Black Americans expressed grave concern that the rhetoric of colonization framed Black freedom as a national 'problem'. Throughout the nineteenth century, even after the Civil War and through the Jim Crow era, they argued that the colonization movement, no matter its professed aim, functioned mainly to encourage and justify racial oppression in America.
"With remarkable research and bold historical imagination, Andrew Hammann has recast our understanding of a desperate debate waged across generations of American history: the place of Black Americans in the United States."
—Edward L. Ayers
"Provides a long-arc of this history – one that shows continuity and change within various expatriation initiatives on the federal and state level and how this ideology is central to the emergence of Jim Crow in the South by the end of the century."
—Ousmane K. Power-Greene, Clark University
"Grounded in stellar research, and written with passion and clarity, 'Words Colliding' gives voice to the Black Americans who pushed not only for the end of slavery but for their place in the body politic."
—Justene Hill Edwards, University of Virginia
https://www.upress.virginia.edu/title/10143/